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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Sociological Imagination |
is the |
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value-free sociology |
sociologists must not allow their personal |
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(symbolic) interactionism |
Individuals monitor their own behavior, |
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macrosociology |
focuses |
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ethnocentrism |
We judge the behavior of other |
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participant observation |
sociologists may engage in |
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linguistic relativity hypothesis |
people conceptualize |
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subcultural capital |
cultural knowledge and commodities acquired by members of a subculture, raising their status and helping differentiate themselves from members of other groups |
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sociolinguistics |
the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. |
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values |
Broad ideas regarding |
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master status |
A key or core status |
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status |
A position within a group |
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role performance |
The actual |
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institutions |
The principal |
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identity salience hierarchy |
This hierarchical organization of identities is defined by the probabilities of each of the various identities within it being brought into play in a given situation. |
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impression management |
how our self-conceptions arise in the course |
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social learning theory |
are conditioning and observational |
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cognitive development theory |
calls our attention to the fact that children |
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language acquisition device |
human beings possess an inborn |
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dyad |
two person group |
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dramaturgical approach |
social |
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reciprocity |
the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another. |
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primary group |
a small group characterized by intimate, informal |
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instrumental ties |
are social links formed when |
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secondary group |
entails two or more |
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in-group |
is a group with which |
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out-group |
is a group with which we do not identify |
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instrumental leaders |
devote their attention to appraising the problem |
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expressive leaders |
focus on overcoming interpersonal |
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culture |
refers to the social heritage of a |
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mores |
People |
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folkways |
people deem to be of less |
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manifest functions |
those consequences that are intended |
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latent functions |
are those consequences that are |
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microsociology |
is the detailed study of |
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spurious correlation |
The |
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critical theory |
criticized sociology for |
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cultural relativism |
views |
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norms |
social |
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symbols |
acts or objects that have come to be |
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self-conception |
is a more overriding view of |
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ascribed status |
statuses assigned to us by our group |
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achieved status |
We secure other statuses on the basis of |
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trained incapacity |
bureaucracies encourage their members to rely on established rules and regulations and to apply them in an unimaginative and mechanical fashion. As a result of the socialization provided by organizations, individuals often develop a tunnel vision that limits their ability to respond in new ways when circumstances change |
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total institutions |
individuals undergo resocialization, often |
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triad |
adding one person |
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relative deprivation |
Discontent associated with |
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society |
refers to a |
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proxemics |
The way we employ social and |
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recidivism |
relapse into criminal |
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generalized other |
The social unit that gives individuals their |
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subculture |
the members |
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counterculture |
At times the norms, values, and lifestyles |
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self-image |
a |
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conditioning |
Conditioning is a form of learning in |
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observational learning |
Observational learning |
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thomas theorem |
The notion |
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reference group |
social units we use for appraising |
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looking glass self |
a process by which we imaginatively |
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expressive ties |
are social links |
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crime |
is an act of |
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bureaucracy |
a social structure made |
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social dilemma |
is a |
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informal sanctions |
are reactions to deviance |
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formal sanctions |
are reactions of official |
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internalization |
The process by |
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anomie |
A social condition in |
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ritualism |
Ritualism involves losing touch |
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retreatism |
In retreatism individuals reject |
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rebellion |
Rebels reject both the cultural goals |
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cultural transmission theory |
They concluded that delinquent and criminal |
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victimless crime |
is an offense in |
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open system |
Where people can change their status with |
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closed system |
where people have |
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caste system |
groups of people having |
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intergenerational mobility |
involves a comparison |
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intragenerational mobility |
entails a |
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institutional racism/descrimination |
institutions of society may function in |
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environmental racism |
the |
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acculturation/cultural assimilation |
When cultural elements of |
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pluralism |
assimilated in some important ways but also |
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gender identity |
are the conceptions we |
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gender role |
are sets of cultural expectations |
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sexual harassment |
unwelcome |
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social loafing |
when individuals work in groups, they |
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oligarchy |
the concentration of power in the hands of a few |
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alienation |
—a pervasive sense of powerlessness, |
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index crimes |
The Federal Bureau of Investigation annually |
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structural strain theory |
If subcultural values and |
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white collar crime |
crime most commonly committed by relatively |
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high-tech crime |
as attempts |
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proletariat |
the opressed working class |
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ethnic group |
Groups that we identify chiefly on cultural |
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patriarchy |
a system of social organization in |
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sexism |
Gender inequality is perpetuated by a set of |
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parkinson's law |
“Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.” Despite the tongue-in-cheek tone of his writing, Parkinson showed that “the number of the officials and the quantity of the work are not related to each other.” He contended that bureaucracy expands not because of an increasing workload but because officials seek to have additional subordinates hired in order to multiply the number of people under them |
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deviance |
any behavior that violates a norm |
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hate crimes |
also called bias crimes, are crimes |
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labeling theory |
1. First, they contend that no act by itself is 2. we 3.whether 4.labeling people as deviants has consequences 5. people labeled “deviant” typically fi nd |
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life chances |
the likelihood that individuals |
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bourgeoisie |
small business |
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social mobility |
In many societies individuals or groups can |
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culture of poverty |
The view |
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prejudice |
attitudes of aversion and hostility |