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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
primary group
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involves 2 or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another (e.g. family, friends, lovers)
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seconadary group
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involves 2 or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose (e.g. consumer/clerk)
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reference group
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a social unit we use for appraising and shaping attitudes, feelings and actions
- Normative & comparative functions; clues to social change |
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in group
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a group with which we identify and to which we belong (WE)
- Help shape identity |
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out group
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a group with which we do not identify and to which we do not belong (THEY)
- Establish boundaries for interaction |
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relative deprivation
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discontent with what we have & belief in what we should have
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relationship
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when an association continues long enough for 2 people to become linked together by relatively stable set of expectations
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expressive ties
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social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people
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instrumental ties
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social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.
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dyad
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2 person groups
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triad
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3 person groups
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compliance
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(the mildest form of conformity) to gain reward or avoid punishment.
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identification
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conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group.
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internalization
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(the strongest type of conformity) an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own.
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coercive power
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backed up by the threat of force
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influential power
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supported by persuasion
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Max Weber
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identified three types of authority found in social organizations.
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traditional authority
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is authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right, and usually associated with monarchies and dynasties.
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legal-rational authority
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is authority based in laws, rules, and procedures.
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Charismatic authority
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is based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader.
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Sherif
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Autokinetic Effect (i.e. dark room single point of light)
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Weber's "Iron Cage"
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Iron Law of Oligarchy: organizational rule by a few (Robert Michels 1911/66)
Trained Incapacity: specialists develop blind spots for organizational problems Bureaucracies have turned free people into nothing more than “cogs” in the organizational machines; like being confined in an Iron Cage. |
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What was the primary point we learned from Sherif's study using the autokinetic effect?
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Findings:
individual judgments not random (1-4 in) Groups develop characteristic judgments Judgments tend to converge; change to group view Individuals tended to claim independence Confederates affected judgments of naive subjects Subsequent Findings: more ambiguity more reliance on group a belief structure is less likely to change. |
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Weber
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Ideal types, Hierarchy of positions & the delegation of tasks
Rationality and organization in decision-making maximizes efficiency and productivity (ideal type) |
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George Ritzer
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McDonaldization
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Four Characteristics of McDonaldization
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Efficiency – consumer turned into unpaid labor (e.g. ATM, trash, drink)
Calculability – quantity not quality (e.g. Microsoft, McDonald’s available everywhere) Predictability – know what to expect Irrationality of Rationality – unreasonable of rational systems (e.g. family) |
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GROUPTHINK (Irving Janis)
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GroupThink – a decision making process found in highly cohesive groups in which the members become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus that their critical faculties are impaired
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Characteristics of GROUPTHINK
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Members share an illusion of invulnerability that leads to overconfidence, a greater willingness to take risks, and a tendency to ignore contrary evidence
Members demand conformity & apply pressure Withhold dissent and exercise self-censorship |
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formal organizations
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groups designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
Examples: federal government, multinational corporations, big universities, big hospitals, big unions, and big farm organizations |
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Voluntary
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associations that members enter and leave freely (e.g. Parent-Teacher Association, coin collectors’ clubs, League of Women Voters
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Coercive Organization
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people become members against their will.
Example: Total Institution (Goffman, 1961) individuals isolated from rest of society Exposed to resocialization; new identity Mortification: separation from friends/family Made vulnerable to institutional control forced into demeaning postures |
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bureaucracy
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a social structure made up of a hierarchy of statuses and roles that is prescribed by explicit rules and procedures & based on division of function & authority.
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veritcal mobility
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involves movement from one social status to another of higher or lower rank
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horizontal mobility
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entails movement from one social status to another of equivalent rank
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intergenerational mobility
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involves a comparison of the social status of parents & their children (i.e. rankings of occupations at roughly same age)
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intragenerational mobility
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ntails a comparison of the social status of a person over an extended time period
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open system
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(achieved status) where people can change their status with relative ease
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closed system
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(ascribed status) people have great difficulty in changing their status
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kingsley davis and wilbert moore
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stratification is universal and necessary
society is never totally classless stratification does not refer to individuals rather it refer to social positions (that need to be occupied) each position comes with a particular level of prestige and the focus should be on these structures |
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culture of poverty
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the poor lack effective participation and integration within larger society (Oscar Lewis 1959; Banfield 1970)
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Critiques of theory
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Once poor always poor
Ignores factors such as race Poverty not viewed as a structural feature of capitalism |
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class consciousness
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subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change
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false consiciousness
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attitude held by members of class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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Karl Max
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class differenation
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