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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 perspectives on studying language
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Prescriptive and Descriptive
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Says how people should talk; assumes that there is a standard grammar
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Prescriptive
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Describes how people talk and why they talk that way
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Descriptive
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Characteristics of dialects of a language (7)
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1) They are mutually intelligible
2) Speakers of a dialect are a heterogeneous group: some speakers show many features of a dialect, others show few 3) Dialects used by dominant groups have higher prestige and those used by disadvantaged groups have lower prestige 4) Many individuals are bi-dialectal 5) English has many different dialects. One of the ways dialects differ is in terms of the sounds they use. 6) No dialect is intrinsically better than another 7) All dialects are equally rule-governed and grammatical from a descriptive standpoint |
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Writing down the sounds people say
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Phonetic transcription
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We phonetically transcribe speech so that we can better describe and understand: (3)
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1) Dialectal differences within our own language
2) Unfamiliar languages 3) The speech of individuals with speech, language or hearing disorders |
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2 problems with using letters in transcription
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1) Letters we know can only be used to describe English, spoken by individuals without speech, language or hearing disorders
2a) There is not a one-to-one mapping between sounds and letters (one sound represented by many letters) 2b) There is not a one-to-one mapping between letters and sounds either |
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What happens when a language stops changing? Give an example.
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The language dies; example- Latin
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We want a transcription system with: (3)
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1) A one-to-one mapping between sounds and symbols
2) Symbols to describe all of the possible sounds in the world's languages 3) Symbols to describe all of the sounds spoken by individuals with typical and atypical speech |
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What system meets the transcription requirements?
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International phonetic alphabet (IPA)
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Speech sounds made with a constriction. The air flowing out from the lungs is slowed down or stopped for an interval of time.
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Consonants
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Narrowing or absolute closing of the pathway
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Constriction
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% of English sounds that are voiced
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80%
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% of English sounds that are voiceless
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20%
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Consonants can be described in terms of: (5)
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1) Voicing
2) Place of Articulation 3) Nasality 4) Laterality 5) Manner of Articulation |
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Place of Articulation: There are (roughly speaking) three parts of the lower surface of the vocal tract that make a constriction
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1) Labial
2) Coronal 3) Dorsal |
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Place of Articulation: 9 places on the upper portion of the vocal tract where a constriction can be made
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1) Bilabial
2) Labiodental 3) (Inter)dental 4) Alveolar 5) Retroflex 6) Palato-alveolar 7) Palatal 8) Velar 9) Glottal |
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If the velum is lowered, air flows through the mouth and the nose and the sound is __.
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Nasal
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If the velum is raised, air flows through the mouth only and the sound is __.
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Oral
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If the sides of the tongue are down and air flows out of the sides of the mouth, the sound is __.
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Lateral
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If the sides of the tongue are raised and air slows out of the front of the mouth (or not at all), the sound is __.
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Central
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Complete cessation of airflow in the oral cavity
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Stop
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2 phases of a stop
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Closure- phase during which articulator on lower surface of vocal tract makes a complete closure with upper surface.
Release- phase during which closure is release (very rapid) |
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Close proximity of two articulators. Air molecules passing through the narrow constriction bump each other, generating noise
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Fricative
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Close approximation of two articulators, but not so close that the air flowing between them generates noise
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Approximant
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Air flowing through a constriction causes the articulator to vibrate
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Trill
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A rapid, ballistic movement of the tongue to and from the alveolar ridge. Sort of like a really quick stop
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Flap/Tap
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A stop-plus-fricative combination. A stop closure with a fricative release
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Affricate
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Sound of consonant nasals and l, r
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Sonorant
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When the vocal folds are vibrating
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Voiced consonants
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4 parts of the speech production mechanism
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Airstream process, phonation process, oro-nasal process, articulatory process
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Redundant information can be __.
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Omitted
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4 dimensions for describing vowels
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1) Height
2) Backness 3) Rounding 4) Tense/Lax |
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How close the tongue comes to the roof of the mouth
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Height
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How far forward the tongue is
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Backness
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Are the lips rounded?
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Roundness
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Vowels are more difficult to transcribe than consonants for two reasons: (2)
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1) Vowel production is more variable than consonant production
2) Small changes in articulatory movements result in small changes in vowel acoustics |
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Vowels and consonants combine together to make __.
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Syllables
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Syllables can either be __ or __.
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Stressed or unstressed
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Stressed syllables tend to be (3)
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Longer, louder, have full vowels
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Unstressed syllables tend to be (3)
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Softer, shorter, have reduced vowels
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3 kinds of stress patterns in two-syllable words in English
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Trochees (stressed-unstressed)
Iambs (unstressed-stressed) Spondees (stressed-stressed) |
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Syllables combine to make __.
Words combine to make __ and __. |
words; phrases; utterances
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We can't describe all of the detail that exists in an utterance. Why? (2)
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Listener factors
Stimulus factors |
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Variation within a single speaker
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Intra-speaker variation
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Normal variation between speakers
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Inter-speaker variation
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Use phonetic symbols to show the phonemic contrasts in a language
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Broad phonetic transcription
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Difference in sounds that results in difference in word meaning
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Phonemic contrast
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Use phonetic symbols and diacritics to show additional phonetic detail
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Narrow phonetic transcription
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When two sounds can be used to differentiate word [meaning], they are said to belong to different __.
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Phonemes
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A sound that makes a difference
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Minimal pair tool
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Two letters used to differentiate sound
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Grapheme
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Sounds are members of the same phoneme if __ (2)
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They are phonetically similar;
They never contrast |
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Different variants of a phoneme are called __.
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Allophones
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__ is a description of the sound system of a language
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Phonology
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Phonology includes (2)
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1) A catalog of the phonemes of the language
2) A description of the constraints on sound structure |
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The study of word structure
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Morphology
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Minimal units of meaning within a word
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Morphemes
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2 categories of vowels
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Monophthongs and Diphthongs
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One vowel, one articulatory target
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Monophthongs
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One vowel, two articulatory targets
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Diphthongs
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