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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
• Arousal
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o A blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person
o Refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment Varies from deep sleep to intense excitement |
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• Anxiety
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o Negative emotional state characterized by worry, nervousness, and apprehension
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• State anxiety
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o an ever-changing emotional state that is characterized by moment-to-moment changes in the athlete’s subjectively perceived feelings of apprehension and tension activated by/associated with activation of autonomic nervous system
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• Cognitive state anxiety
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o (CoG A-State): Moment-to-moment changes in the degree to which the athlete worries or manifests negative thoughts
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• Somatic state anxiety
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o (Som A-State): Moment-to-moment changes in the athlete’s perceived physiological arousal (such as increased respiration, accelerated heart rate, increased muscular tension, trembling, sweating)
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• Trait anxiety
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o an acquired behavioral tendency or disposition that predisposes a person to perceive as threatening circumstances that are objectively not dangerous and then to respond with a disproportionate level of state anxiety
o not moment-to-moment o In general, if an athlete has higher levels of trait anxiety, they almost always have higher levels of competitive state anxiety because they were born that way |
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• Stress
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o A substantial imbalance between the physical and/or psychological demands placed on the athlete and the athlete’s response capability under conditions where failure to meet that demand has important consequences
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• 4 stages of stress
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o An environmental demand (usually competitive), which leads to
o Subjective perception of the demand o Athlete’s response, which leads to Hyperventilation, etc o A particular outcome o Fainting, etc. |
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o Sources of stress
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Situational sources
• Event importance • Uncertainty Personal sources • Trait anxiety • Self esteem • Social physique anxiety |
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• Social physique anxiety
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o Personality disposition defined as “the degree to which people become anxious when others observe their physiques”
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• Inventories
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o SCAT-A ( sport competition anxiety test for adults)
measures trait anxiety Sport-specific psychological inventory Consists of 15 items completed in less than 5 minutes o CSAI-2R Competitive state anxiety inventory 2nd version revised Measures state anxiety Can measure cognitive/state anxiety, levels of distress immediately before competitive event • Knowing can help to reduce anxiety o How to use the tests Suggestions can manage anxiety and improve competitive performance Use tests to find out where/when they seem to have highest state anxiety In real life, sports psych hardly ever focus on trait anxiety • Can’t change the trait Improve self-confidence |
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• Drive theory
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o As an individual’s arousal or state anxiety increases, so too does performance
o Zajonc’s social facilitation theory explained with drive theory When people performed easy tasks, performed better with evaluative others, performed worse on difficult tasks |
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• Inverted-U hypothesis
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o Intermediate level of anxiety is ideal for performance
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• Individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF)
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o Each athlete has their zone of ideal functioning, outside of which they perform more poorly
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• Multidimensional anxiety theory
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o Predicts that cognitive state anxiety (worry) is negatively related to performance, somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U
o Little scientific support |
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• Catastrophe model
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o Physiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted-U fashion, but only when an athlete is not worried or has low cognitive state anxiety
o If Cog A-State is high, the increases in arousal at some point reach a kind of threshold, just past the point of optimal arousal level, and afterward a rapid decline in performance (the catastrophe occurs) |
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• Reversal theory
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o The way in which arousal affects performance depends basically on an individual’s interpretation of his arousal level
For best performance, athletes must interpret their arousal as pleasant excitement rather than unpleasant anxiety o Performers can shift or reverse their positive or negative interpretations of arousal from moment to moment |
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• Perception of control
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o Affects whether state anxiety will be viewed as facilitative or debilitative
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