Structural Geology 3/3

is the study of factors such as origin, occurrence, classification, type and effects of various secondary structures

is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior of rock.

is the use of elevation contour lines to show the shape of the Earth's surface.

are imaginary lines connecting points having the same elevation on the surface of the land above or below a reference surface

make it possible to show the height and shape of mountains, the depths of the ocean bottom, and the steepness of slopes

represent the distribution of different types of rock and surficial deposits, as well as locations of geologic structures such as faults and folds

It is the birds eye view of the earth surface

A geologic cross-section shows geologic features from the side view

Geologic Age Symbol: Q

Geologic Age Symbol: T

Geologic Age Symbol: K

Geologic Age Symbol: J

Geologic Age Symbol: Tr

Geologic Age Symbol: P

Geologic Age Symbol: |P

Geologic Age Symbol: M

Geologic Age Symbol: D

Geologic Age Symbol: S

Geologic Age Symbol: O

Geologic Age Symbol: -C

Geologic Age Symbol: p-C

Youngest to Oldest Geologic Time Period

these folds have the oldest beds in the middle, with beds dipping away from the axis

plunge towards the closed end of the V

these folds have the youngest beds in the middle, with beds dipping towards the axis

plunge towards the open end of the V

is a general term for the orientation of a line or plane.

The attitude of planar structure is defined by ..

describe the orientation of a plane in a space.

is the azimuth direction line formed by the intersection of horizontal plane and the plane of interest.

is the inclination of the plane measured down.

examples of planar structure

The attitude of linear structure is defined by ..

is the bearing of the line

is the inclination of the line

The acute angle between the line and strike of the plane on which the line lies.

Examples of Linear Structures

In this method the compass dial is divided into four quadrants, namely NE, SE, SW, and NW.

Degrees North and south are at

A compass direction of a line measured in degrees (0-360 degrees) clockwise from north

Brunton Compass properly known as ..

Essential tool for field geologists, environmental engineers, and surveyors

The compass was made by ..

The year and patent of compass

Degrees of a Shallow Dip Angle

Degrees of a Moderate Dip Angle

Degrees of a Steep Dip Angle

Types of Dip

is the inclination of a plane measured in a plane that is not perpendicular to the strike

is the inclination of a plane measured in a plane trending perpendicular to the strike

This rule is followed by most geologist in the world for consistency

this method is similar to the method trend and plunge of in determining linear attitude.

are most effectively displayed on 3D Block diagrams because they display the interpretation of the structure in the subsurface.

a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during permanent deformation.

Metamorphic fabrics

points of maximum curvature within a single folded surface.

a line when moved parallel to itself “sweeps out” a folded surface.

the plane or surface defined by connecting fold hinge lines in multiple folded surfaces

the area of a folded surface between hinge points.

a point on a folded surface where the curvature changes direction.

highest elevation point on a folded surface.

lowest elevation point on a folded surface.

Concave-down folds

Concave-up folds

In the map view a non-plunging fold will have .. .. .. ..

are produced by geologically significant intervals of time marked by uplift and erosion, or by non- deposition.

contain oldest strata in the core (center) of the structure

contain younger strata in the core of the structure

have one limb containing overturned strata- otherwise they follow the rules discussed above for anticlines and synclines.

simply defined as an exposure of a solid rock on the surface of the earth.

commonly called stereonets, we are just concerned with orientations, alone

a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface or part of it, showing the geographical distributions, positions, etc., of natural or artificial features such as roads, towns, relief, rainfall, etc.

Should include concise information related to geographic information and theme of the map's content

refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map ang a corresponding distance on the ground

Should include a north arrow and corner coordinates information

Explanation of symbols used in a map including, colors, lines, icons, and symbols

Selected reference locations or features for orientation

Authors, publisher, associated publications; complete bibliographic information

What was the base source of geographical information if a map, such as a USGS topographic map or satellite image? What was the map projection?

What year was the map release? Is the data old or new data?

Is there a publication associated with this map?

preserves the same scale in every direction, locally, thus maintaining the correct shape of the features

preserves the area throughout, but distorts the shape

depicts the correct distance between a point at the center of the projection and points in any direction away from the center

Shows true angles or bearings, locally