Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
sensory receptores only repsond when stimulus is :
|
stronger than threshold level
|
|
|
do pain receptors adapt?
|
no
|
|
|
how do ascending and descing fibers modulat3e pain or cause analgesia?
|
by blocking prostaglandin synthesis
|
|
|
what does golgi tendon organs do?
|
signals the muscle it is in to relax when stimulated
|
|
|
what type of receptor in involved in hearing, dynamic equalibirum, and static equilibrium
|
mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
the sense of smell and taste have nerve fibers that run through the limbic system. what effect does this have?
|
gives strong emotional memories accoicated with smell and taste
|
|
|
what type of cells are in the olfactory muscoa?
|
epithelial cells
|
|
|
what bony structure does the olfactory fibers have to pass through on their way to the olfactory bilb?
|
cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone.
|
|
|
pacinian and meissner's corpuscles are involved in the avility to:
|
sense touch and pressure
|
|
|
what helps maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?
|
auditory tube.
|
|
|
where is endolymph found?
|
in the cochlear duct
|
|
|
what is the iris, chroid layer and cillary body located?
|
in the vascular tunic
|
|
|
when light hits rods of the eye:
|
Na channels close, stopping release of inhibitory neurotransmitter by the photoreceptor
|
|
|
what isthe hormone that acts upon a cell which them acts on nearby cells.
|
paracrine
|
|
|
what effect of glucocorticoids not have?
|
does not increase resistance to disease.
|
|
|
where are the receptors for taste located?
|
papillae
|
|
|
what does gustatory and olfactory mucosa have in common?
|
both have epithelial cells
|
|
|
what ossicles transmits and amplify sound?
|
stapes
|
|
|
what does otoliths help?
|
maintain static equalibrium
|
|
|
what covers inside of eyelid and front of sclera?
|
conjuctiva
|
|
|
what does the lacrimal gland produce?
|
tears
|
|
|
what nervous system produces tears?
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
what muscles of the eye cause the eye to look up?
|
superior rectus and superior oblique
|
|
|
what does the abducens nerve control?
|
lateral rectus
|
|
|
during accommodations what does the ciliary mucsl do?
|
contracts, relaeasing tension on lens
|
|
|
what happens if too much aqueous humor is produced or too little drains?
|
glaucoma
|
|
|
where do crystallins come from?
|
proteins of lens
|
|
|
what happens when iris recieve stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system?
|
pupil dilates
|
|
|
what bends light to focus in retina?
|
cornea
|
|
|
what receptors allow you to see in dim light?
|
cones of retina
|
|
|
type of eye problems where focus point is infron tof retina.
|
myopia
|
|
|
what is the photopigment made of?
|
gylcoprotien opsin and derivative of vitamin A called retinal
|
|
|
what is the most common form of color blindness?
|
red-green
|
|
|
who is most likly to be color blind?
|
males because carried on X chromosome
|
|
|
what dos circulating hormones affect?
|
only cells that have receptors fpr that particular hormone.
|
|
|
when comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system the endocrine system:
|
has longer duration of action
|
|
|
hormone levels in the blood decrease because:
|
hormones are inactivated by liver and excreted by kidneys
|
|
|
what bony strucure protects the pituitary gland/
|
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
|
|
|
a tumor which causes enlargement of the pituitary gland can cause loss of:
|
temporal visual fields by pressing on the optic chiasm
|
|
|
what hormone causes skin darkening and control appetite?
|
melanocyte stimulating hormone
|
|
|
what is not ture about the posterior pituitary gland?
|
it does not produce ADH and oxytocin
|
|
|
how is the control of oxytocin unusual in the body
|
1 of few positive feed-back loops involving stretching of cervix during child birth
|
|
|
what does low levels of ADH cause?
|
diabeteis insipidus
|
|
|
what does the blood pass through when going from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
|
hypophseal postal veins
|
|
|
what does not happen if the growth hormone is over or under secreted while a child is growing?
|
does not produce cretinism
|
|
|
what inorganic substance is critical for the formation of the thyroid hormones T2 and T4?
|
iodine
|
|
|
what is the enlargement of the thyroid gland called?
|
groiter
|
|
|
what hormone is exophthalmos associated with?
|
T4
|
|
|
what structures are not found in an erythrocyte?
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
when angranular leukocyte leaves blood it becones a macrophage called a ____?
|
monocyte
|
|
|
what is the primary sit of mematopoiesis in adult humans?
|
red bone marrow
|
|
|
what does enzymes require in several of the steps of process of coagulation?
|
Ca
|
|
|
where is the cardiac control center found?
|
in medulla oblongata
|
|
|
what part of the arteial wall contains smooth muscle fivers and thick layer of elasitc connective tissue?
|
tunica media
|
|
|
what decreases heart rate?
|
hypothermia
|
|
|
a substance that produced by virusinfected cells which help protect uninfected cells.
|
interferon
|
|
|
How does HIV shut down the entire immune system?
|
by attacking primarily helper T cells.
|
|
|
Interleukin 2 and 4 is screted by :
|
helper T cells and activates other cells of immune system
|
|
|
in a test of differential white blood cell count, an abnormal increase in number of eosinophils could mean:
|
parasitic worms
|
|
|
what is platelets so important?
|
it is needed in repair or damage blood vessels and promotes clotting
|
|
|
when a clot is formed and remains where it is formed, it is called ____/
|
thrombus
|
|
|
what vitamin is needed for the formation of clootin factors?
|
Vitamin K
|
|
|
what is the end product of both extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway?
|
prothrombinase
|
|
|
what is the last stage of blood clotting?
|
thrombin converts frbrinogen to fibrin
|
|
|
what dissolves clots?
|
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
|
|
|
who is the universal donor?
|
type O
|
|
|
in the pericardium of the heart, the epicardium is also the :
|
visceral layer of pericardium
|
|
|
how much blood enters ito the ventricles due to atrial contration?
|
30%
|
|
|
a heart murmur signals trouble with what part of the heart?
|
valves of the heart
|
|
|
a delay in the impluse transmission at the A-V node its to:
|
allow time for ventricular filling
|
|
|
what reaches the heart by way of the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate?
|
parasympathetic nerves
|
|
|
what does the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation bypass?
|
causes blood to bypass liver
|
|
|
what does the foramen ovale do?
|
connects the right atrium to the left atrium
|
|
|
preloads and stroke volume decrease by:
|
extremely rapid heart rate
|
|
|
the volume of blood that enters the heart during diastole directly affects the fora of contration of systole is what?
|
starlings law
|
|
|
what does the positive inotropic agent do?
|
increases the force of contration of ventricles
|
|
|
afterload:
|
pressure in arteries must be overcome for ventricles to pump blood
|
|
|
what is casodilation and vasoconstriction controled by?
|
sympathetic nervous system only
|
|
|
how does the elastic arteries act as a pressure reservoir?
|
by smoothing out the up's and downs of blood pressure
|
|
|
the exchange of nutrients and wastes products takes place only through walls of:
|
capllaries
|
|
|
blood flows slowest in :
|
capillaries
|
|
|
what has valves?
|
veins and lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
what ithe the normal systolic blood pressure?
|
120 mm Hg
|
|
|
what is the normal central venous pressure and where is it measured?
|
0 mm Hg; in right atrium
|
|
|
what is so important about the hepatic portal system?
|
it detoxify blood from the digestive organs and store excess nutrients
|
|
|
what is not a function of the lymphatic system?
|
circulate fluids throughout body tissues
|
|
|
where does lymphatic ducts empty into?
|
subclavian veins
|
|
|
what is the function of a lymph node/
|
acts as biological filters
|
|
|
where is the thymus not located/
|
in neck below larynx
|
|
|
what does fever not do?
|
raises body temp to help bacteria produce more quickly
|
|
|
what is the 1si stage of inflammation?
|
vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessles
|
|
|
what does B cells produce?
|
antibodies
|
|
|
what are cells that have helper T cells?
|
macrophages
|
|
|
how many signals must be present before any step in immunity progresses?
|
2
|
|
|
what is hapten?
|
antigen which is too small to stimulate the immune system by itself so it must piggy back on a blood protein
|
|
|
a natural killer is:
|
lymphocytes that do not display the correct MHC I.
|
|
|
how is secondary immune responses work?
|
due to formation of memeory cells the 1st time the antigen is ecountered.
|
|
|
cells that attack invading cells or tumor cells directly are:
|
cytotoxic T cells.
|
|
|
what structures are accessory organs?
|
liver, pancreas, gall bladder
|
|
|
what does the splanchnic cirulation supply?
|
the digestive organs
|
|
|
mucosa contain nonkeratinized stratifies squamous epithelium in the:
|
mouth, esophagus, and rectum
|
|
|
what is in the pupl cavity?
|
contains blood and lymph vessles and nerves
|
|
|
what is saliva not good for?
|
digesting proteins
|
|
|
both of the stomachs sphincter is usually:
|
closed to prevent acidic gastric jucies from entering espohagus
|
|
|
how many layers of muscle are there in the stomach?
|
3
|
|
|
what delays gastric emptying the longest/
|
lipids
|
|
|
the liver receives blood from:
|
hypatic artery and hepativ portal vein
|
|
|
what ducts develop into the males accessory strutures?
|
wolffiam ducts
|
|
|
normal somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, ___ chromosomes in ova and sperm cells
|
23
|
|
|
follicle which has a single layer of columnar cells surrounding and oocyte is ___.
|
primary follicle
|
|
|
what does granules not do?
|
cause zona pellucida to break down when sperm penetrates secondary oocyte.
|
|
|
what is the stimulus for the cephalic phase
|
throught, smeel or taste of food
|
|
|
how do tagamet and xantac bloock the production of stomach acid?
|
it bloock histamine
|
|
|
what does pancreatic jusice contain?
|
enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
|
|
|
where does the pancreatic duct empty?
|
the duodenum
|
|
|
what neutralizes the stomach acid?
|
sodium bicarbonate
|
|
|
what does the liver not secrete?
|
enzymes into the small intestine
|
|
|
where is the gallbadder located
|
inferior of the liver
|
|
|
what is the serous membrane that surrounds and supports the small intestines?
|
mesentery
|
|
|
what is the greater omentum?
|
fold of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature
|
|
|
hoe does the last stage of digestion occur by in the large intestine?
|
bacterial action because there are no enzymes in the large intestine
|
|
|
what is the femal primary sex organ?
|
ovaries
|
|
|
in meiosis the male produce __ sperm and the female produces ___ ova or ovum.
|
4:1
|
|
|
when chromosomes pair up woth its homologus chromosomes which increases henetic vartiation
|
crossing over
|
|
|
when is a man infertile?
|
less than 20 million sperm per ml
|
|
|
what is the path of sperm?
|
epididymis, vas derfernes, ejaculatory duct, urethra
|
|
|
the penis erection is a ____ reflex.
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
chemicalsin acrosome of the sperim does what?
|
aids in penetration of sperm
|
|
|
cells that extend from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubule and form blood-testis barrier
|
sertoli cells
|
|
|
what cells produce testosterone?
|
intersitial cells
|
|
|
what is not found in the accessory glands of the penis?
|
large amounts of organic acids
|
|
|
the movbement of periotneums does not help what?
|
gamete down fallipian tubes
|
|
|
what hormone stimulates testosterone secrection?
|
LH
|
|
|
what hormone stimulates the development of a follicle?
|
FSH
|
|
|
what hormone stimulated the release of an ovum?
|
LH
|
|
|
what is not a wya a woman can tell she has ovulated?
|
not a decline in estrogen or prgesterone levels.
|
|
|
____ has a negative then positive feed-back effect of anterior pituitary gland.
|
estrogen
|
|
|
what is the cell that is formed by the union of egg and sperm?
|
zygote
|
|
|
what is the conceptus called 6 days after ovulation whem implantation occurs?
|
blastocyst
|
|
|
what is an ectopic pregnancy?
|
implantation anywher other than uterus.
|
|
|
what is the human chorionic gonadotropin used for?
|
pregnancy test look for this
|
|
|
what is the placenta not used for?
|
mixing maternal and fetal blood.
|
|
|
gestation period of the stages of labor is divided into:
|
3 trimesters
|
|
|
when does the baby "pick its own delivery date"?
|
when it produces cortisol, surfactant protein A and oxytocin
|
|
|
when is the baby delivered?
|
end of stage 2.
|
|
|
only _ in _ fertilized ova develop into an infant.
|
1 in 4
|
|
|
____ cells produce androgens
|
Thecal
|
|
|
progesterone is secreted by what?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
what layer is shed during memstration?
|
stratum fuctionalis
|
|
|
what is not ture about the mammary glands?
|
milk production is stimulated by oxytocin
|
|
|
what is the function of tubular secretion?
|
rid body of wastes, drugs and H
|
|
|
what does facultative water reabsorption mean?
|
as need. it is not constant
|
|
|
what type of epithelium does the ureters and urinary bladder have?
|
transitional epithelium
|
|
|
what is the difference between the female and male urthera?
|
male longer, and has 2 functions
|
|
|
we need to breathe and take in oygen to:
|
make ATP
|
|
|
stimulation of the ____ causes bronchioles to dilate?
|
sympathetic NS
|
|
|
volume of air that remains in lungs after maximum expiration.
|
residual volume
|
|
|
what has the largest volume?
|
vital capacity
|
|
|
area that controles basic rhythm of normal breathing located in:
|
ventral respiratory group of medulla oblongata
|
|
|
holding breath would most likely be accopanied by:
|
increase in blood CO2 concentration and drip in pH
|
|
|
hemoglobin has the high affinity for:
|
CO
|
|
|
thr presence of some O2 already bound to hemoglobin will increase hemoglobin's:
|
affinity for O2
|
|
|
most CO2 is carried in blood:
|
as part of bicarbonate ion
|
|
|
central chemoreceptors look for changes in:
|
CO2 concentration and pH
|
|
|
low P02 and high PCo2 in alveoli causes:
|
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.
|
|
|
what is the functions of the kidneys?
|
regulate blood volume and composition
regulate blood pH regulate blood pressure and remove metabolic wastes from blood |
|
|
how much kidney do you need to survive?
|
2/3 of one kidney
|
|
|
where is the only place in kidney where filtration occurs?
|
renal corpuscle
|
|
|
renal blood pressure remain fairly constant due to functioning of :
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
|
|
par of nephron wich is responsible for producing a concentrated urine through the use of counter-current multiplier is:
|
nephron loop.
|
|
|
substance must be present to allow water to be reavsorbed from distal conviluted tubules and collecting ducts is:
|
ADH
|
|
|
100% of glucose in the filtrate is reabsorbed:
|
from proximal convuluted tubule
|
|
|
transport maximum of renal tubules is exceeded:
|
substances normally totally reabsorbed spill over into urine
|
|
|
external respiration is the exchange of gases between:
|
alveopli and blood in capillaries
|
|
|
what are the bones that form the nasal cavity?
|
maxillary, ethmoid, vomer, spheniod
|
|
|
what type of epithelium do you fine in the nasopharynx and trachea?
|
pseudostrtified ciliated columnar epithelium
|
|
|
where is the esophagu in relation to the trachea?
|
posterior to trachea
|
|
|
how many right primary bronchi are there?
|
1
|
|
|
what are the walls of bronchioles like
|
contain no cartilage, but do have smooth muscle
|
|
|
what is the serous membrane surrounding the lungs?
|
visceral pleura
|
|
|
what is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?
|
cause by lack of surfactant.
|
|
|
what does the respiratory membrane consists of?
|
an alveolar cell and a capillary endotheilal cells and basement membrane
|
|
|
the rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membgrane depens upon all except:
|
partial pressure of CO2 in blood.
|
|
|
type of breathing that temporarly stops.
|
apnea
|
|
|
what has the greatest amount of water?
|
an infant
|
|
|
what would you find in intracellular fluid?
|
low sodium and high potasium concentration
|
|
|
how does the body regulate water loss?
|
decreasing the amount of water loss in urine
|
|
|
where is the thirst center?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
what diffuse easily between extracellular and intracellular balance ionic charges
|
chioride
|
|
|
what is not a cause of edema?
|
decrease capillary blood pressure
|
|
|
what is not a function of electrolytes?
|
acting as energy storage molecules with in the body
|
|
|
what ion is the most abundant in body, a cation that is used for blood clotting
|
calcium
|
|
|
what ion is an anion and buffer system?
|
phosphate ion
|
|
|
what hormone results in water loss?
|
ANP
|
|
|
part of the buffer system is exchanging a strong acid for a:
|
weak acid
|
|
|
what is the ratio of bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid?
|
20:1
|
|
|
how does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
|
by excreting H into urine
|
|
|
what is respirtory alkalosis have?
|
carbonic acid deficit
|
|
|
what is acidosis?
|
below normal blood pH levels (7.25 is low)
|
|
|
what is the normal range of blood pH?
|
7.35 - 7.45
|
