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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Growth and development follow predictable trends:
Symmetric |
symmetrical development of the body, with both sides of the body developing equally.
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Growth and development are differentiated and integrated
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nerve pathways develop and become specialized.
each new learned ability builds on previously learned abilities developing a foundation so that increasingly complex tasks can be accomplished |
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Growth and development occur at different stages and different rates, and can be modified
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muscles and bones grow most rapidly during the first years of life.
toddlers and preschoolers see muscle fibers increase in size and strength but bone growth slows. Intense speech development occurs between 3-5 years of age. preadolescence through young adulthood sees sexual maturity. all these are influenced and modified by nutrition, love and affection from caregivers and illness. |
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Growth and development is specific to the individual
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physical, psychological and maturation development vary.
genetics place restrictions on the upper level that can be achieved in Growth and development. |
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Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson |
based of Freud's work but expanded to include cultural and social influences in addition to biological processes. 8 stages that progress from birth to death are characterized by a developmental crisis to be mastered.
Unsuccessful resolution at one stage might delay progress through the next stage, but mastery can occur later. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust. |
infancy.
infant relies on caregiver for basic needs. mistrust is the result of inconsistent, inadequate or unsafe care. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame |
Toddler 1 to 3 years.
motor and language skills develop. learns from environment and gains independence to feed, dress and toilet self through encouragement from caregivers. over-protectiveness or high expectations might cause child to develop shame, doubt or feelings of inadequacy. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Innitiative vs Guilt |
preschoolers 4 to 6 years.
confidence gained as a toddler allows child to take the initiative in learning and to explore and seek out new activities and explore the how-and-why. restrictions or reprimands for seeking new experiences result in guilt, hindering attempts to seek out more challenging skills or language development. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority |
school-aged child.
pleasure is gained from finishing projects and receiving recognition for accomplishments. if parental or peer expectations are cannot be met a feeling of inferiority or lack of self-worth may develop. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion |
adolescence.
in transition from childhood to adulthood. hormonal changes produce secondary sex characteristics and mood swings. rebellion and trying on roles are normal behaviors as a sense of self develops and a decision of which direction in life will be taken. role confusion develops when one is unable to establish an identity ans a sense of direction. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation |
young adulthood.
tasks involve uniting self-identity with identities of friends and to make commitments to others. fear of commitment results in isolation and loneliness. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Generativity vs Stagnation |
Middle adulthood.
marked by involvement with family, friends and community. concern for the next generation. a desire to make contributions to the world. If not met, stagnation results, and person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed with his own needs or regresses to an earlier level of coping. |
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the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson: Ego Integrity vs Despair |
later adulthood.
reminiscence of life events provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose. despair prevails if one believes life has been a series of failures or missed directions. |
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Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Robert J. Havighurst: |
Developmental Tasks-learned behaviors- occur at certain periods in life.
success leads to happiness and success in later tasks. failure leads to unhappiness, societal disapproval and difficulty in completing later tasks. Developmental tasks arise from: maturation, personal motives, values determining occupational and family choices, and civic responsibility. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Infancy and Early Childhood |
achieving physiological stability.
learning to walk, talk, eat solid foods. learning to form simple concepts. emotionally relating to parents, siblings, others. control of elimination. distinguishing right from wrong. learning sexual differences and modesty. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Middle Childhood |
learning physical skills for games.
learning to get along with age-mates. reading, writing, math. developing a conscious, morality and values. achieving personal independence. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Adolescence |
accepting one's body.
achieving a masculine or feminine role. emotional independence from parents and other adults. preparing for a career and marriage. desiring and achieving an ethical and socially responsible behavior. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Young Adulthood |
selecting and learning to live with a mate.
starting a family. getting an occupation. taking on civic responsibility. finding a social group. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Middle Adulthood |
accepting physical changes.
maintaining a satisfactory occupation. assisting childrent o become responsible adults. adjusting to aging parents. achieving social and civic responsibility. |
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Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:
Later Maturity |
adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health.
adjusting to retirement adjusting to death of a spouse. establishing an affiliation to one's age group. establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements. |
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Cognitive development of the toddler according to Piaget
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in last two stages of the sensorimotor stage.
begin to understand object permanence. |
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Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Erikson, is
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in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage.
independence in feeding, dressing and toileting and ability to express wishes verbally. |
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Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Havighurst,
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begins to learn the elimination of urine and feces and begins to learn sex differences, form concepts, learn language and distinguish right from wrong.
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Preschooler psychosocial development according to Erikson
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initiative vs guilt.
inner turmoil occurs when curiosity is pitted against one's actions by a rigid conscience. self limits are learned through social interactions. |
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Preschooler psychosocial development according to Havighurst
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learn sex differences.
describe social and physical reality through concept formation and language development. gets ready to read. distinguishes right from wrong. |
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Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Erikson
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industry vs inferiority stage.
learns useful skills. develops a positive self-esteem. sense of identity develops. emphasis is on doing, succeeding and accomplishing. |
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Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Havighurst.
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developmental tasks include:
learning physical game skills. learns masculine/feminine social role. learns reading, writing,and calculating. personal independence. develops conscience,morality and values. |
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Pyschosocial development of the adolescent according to Erikson
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identity vs role confusion.
peer group has greatest influence on self-concept. |
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Pyschosocial development of the young adult according to Erikson
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intimacy vs isolation stage.
achieves independence. establishes intimate relationships. chooses a career or occupation. if not successful, isolation and self-absorption occurs. |
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Aging begins as one enters
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middle adulthood.
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The Middle Adult years are
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40 to 65 years.
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Menopause
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a gradual decrease in ovarian function in middle adulthood with subsequent depletion of estrogen and progesterone.
hot flashes, mood swings and fatigue. loss of estrogen increases the risk for osteoporosis and heart disease. |
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Psychosocial development of the middle adult according to Erikson
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generativity vs stagnation.
goals are gear toward guiding the next generation. accept middle age changes. adjust to the needs of aging parents. reevaluate one's goals and accomplishments. |
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Older adult
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65 years and older.
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Erikson's last stage of human development
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ego integrity vs despair.
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Life Review or Reminiscence
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telling stories of past events.
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Social Isolation
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if an older adult cannot adjust and form new relationships.
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Ageism
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a prejudice in which older adults are stereotyped as being different and do not experience the same desires, needs and concerns and have outlived their usefulness.
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Dementia
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the various organic disorders that progressively affect cognitive functioning.
AD-Alzheimer's disease is the most common degenerative neurologic disease and most common cause of cognitive impairment. |
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Sundowning Syndrome
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common with patients with dementia.
adults become confused restless and agitated after dark. |
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Cascade Iotrogenesis
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when an intervention triggers a sequence of adverse events in an older frail adult.
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The Fulmer SPICES Tool
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assessment tool that identifies common problems in older adults that can lead to negative outcomes.
S- sleep disorders P-problems with eating or feeding I-incontinence C-confusion E-evidence of falls S-skin breakdown. |
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Delirium
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a temporary state of confusion that is mistaken for dementia.
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Reality Orientation
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nursing interventions that redirect the confused patient's attention to what is real in the environment.
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