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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is cognitive psychology?
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Cognitive psychology is the study of how we perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
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Empiricism
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knowledge attained through observation
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Rationalism
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knowledge attained through logical analysis/introspection
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Who are the rationalists?
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Descartes- "cogito ergo sum" - I think therefore I am
Kant - Synthesized rationalism and empiricism and said they are both necessary and important in obtaining information |
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Who are the empiricists?
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John Locke - believed in "Tabula Rasa" (blank slate) He believed we all start out as blank slates and write onto them through knowledge we obtain through direct observation.
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Who is cognitive psychology traced back to?
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Ulric Neisser (1967) who published the first Cognitive Psychology book
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Plato's "aviary metaphor" and "cave allegory"
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Aviary Metaphor - our memories are like birds in a cage that flock together. Once you activate one memory, related memories become available to become activated.
Cave Metaphor - we perceive shadows of what reality is |
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Hobbes
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believed the source of knowledge is sensation
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Who opposed Plato's view?
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Aristotle
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Structuralism
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understand the mind's structure by analyzing it's elements
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Who is "The Father of Scientific Psychology" and what did he do?
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Wilhelm Wundt - founded first psychology lab, used introspection(studied himself) to study behavior
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Functionalism
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seeks to understand the processes rather than the content of thought
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William James is associated with...
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Functionalism
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William James
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helped develop the functionalist thought to combat the introspection method
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Behaviorism
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stresses that the focus should be on ONLY the relation between observable behavior and stimuli/events
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Thorndike - "Law of Effect"
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when you are rewarded for a behavior you learn it faster.
Satisfaction = reward -Satisfaction is the key to forming associations |
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Watson
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Radical Behaviorism
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Pavlov
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Classical Conditioning, involuntary learning with dogs
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Associationism
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examines events or ideas and how they become associated with one another in the mind as a form of learning
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Father of Memory Research
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Herman Ebbinghaus
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What are the three areas of influence for Modern Cognitive Psychology?
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1. Human Factors - study of human skills and performance
2. Computer Science and A.I. - the machine metaphor of cognition 3. Linguistics |
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What is the purpose of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ?
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handles the input and output to and from the brain (its the interface between the brain and the rest of the body)
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What are the two parts of the PNS?
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1. The Somatic Division
2. The Autonomic Division |
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Autonomic Division
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regulates the internal organs and glands (heart, lungs, stomach)
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Somatic Division
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- controls skeletal muscles and permits voluntary action
- receives info from skin and muscles and conveys info to the brain |
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What are the two parts of the autonomic division?
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1) Sympathetic System: controls bodily functions in emergency situations
2) Parasympathetic System: active all of the other times, for your idle processes |
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Central Nervous System
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- contains the brain and spinal cord
- interprets sensory info and sends out appropriate commands to the muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
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-regulates all bodily functions
- controls our most primitive behaviors (eating, sleeping, biological response to keeping warm, etc) - also responsible for our most sophisticated behaviors (creating music, arts, poetry, science, language) |
the brain
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What are the contents of the Hindbrain?
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- reticular activating system
- cerebellum - pons - medulla |
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What are the contents of the Forebrain?
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-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus -Limbic System -Cerebral Cortex |
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Midbrain
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relay station between hindbrain and forebrain
- all info going into the brain must pas through the midbrain |
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The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is associated with ....
The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is associated with .... |
left hemisphere - language
right hemisphere - visual/spatial |
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What are the left and right hemispheres of the brain connected by?
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the corpus callosum
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Contralateral
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the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body, and the right half of the brain controls the left half of the body.
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Ipsilateral
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The same side of the brain controls the same side of the body
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Most functions are _____/_____lateral?
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Contralateral
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What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are they associated with?
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1) Occipital Lobe - vision
2) Parietal Lobe - body perceptions 3) Frontal Lobe - motor activity, higher cognitive function, emotion 4) Temporal Lobe - audition |
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Soma
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cell, contains nucleus, connects dendrites to the axon
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Dendrites
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branch like structures that receive messages from axons and delivers them to the soma
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Axon
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sends messages to other neurons
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Sensory Neurons
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special neurons that delivers messages from the body to the central nervous system
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Motor Neurons
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special neurons that send messages from the CNS to muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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the "in-betweens"; how motor and sensory neurons communicate
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Synapse
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gap between the axon of sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron
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What are the three important neurotransmitters?
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1) acetylcholine
2) dopamine 3) seratonin |
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Acetylcoholine
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Learning and Memory
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mezzi (pl.) di trasporto
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means of transportation
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Serotonin
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Arousal, Sleep, mood, sensitivity to Pain
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ERPS (Event Related Potentials)
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electrical patterns of the brain are time-locked to some extent
(best temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution -tells you when activity occurs, not where) An event-related potential (ERP) is any measured brain response that is directly the result of a thought or perception. |
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PET(Positron Emission Tomography)
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radiological tag is attached to glucose to measure the active part of the brain. (poor temporal resolution, better spatial resolution - tells you where, not when)
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fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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resolution measures oxygen consumption in active parts of the brain by differentiating between oxyhemoglobin and deoxy hemoglobin
- best spatial resolution... 3d image. |
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Attention
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- the means by which we actively process a limited amount of info from the enormous amount of info available through our senses, our stored memories & other cognitive processes
- includes both conscious and unconscious processes |
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consciousness
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the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness
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Preconscious Processing / level of awareness
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information that is currently available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside conscious awareness exists at this level.
-includes stored memories that aren't being used at a given time but can be summoned when needed |
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Priming
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recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli
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What are the three functions of attention?
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1)Signal Detection - detect appearance of a certain stimulus
2) Selective Attention 3) Divided Attention |
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Signal Detection Theory
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Make detection judgments based on inconclusive information with some criteria for target decisions (See/memorize chart in notes)
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