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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
matter |
-organisms are composed of matter -matter is anything that takes up space and has mass -matter is made up of elements in pure form and in compound form |
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element |
-what matter is made up of -substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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compound |
substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
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essential elements |
-elements an organism needs to live and reproduce - only 20-20% of elements are essential elements -96% of living matter is made up of C,H,O,N -remaining 4% is Ca,P,K,S |
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trace elements |
- elements required by organism to live in minute quantities -iron is a trace element needed by all forms of life -other trace elements are only required for certain species |
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atom |
- smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element -atoms are composed of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, electrons |
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neutrons |
-no electrical charge -in nucleus |
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protons |
-positive charge
-in nucleus |
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electrons |
negative charge
-surround nucleus in electron cloud -attraction between opposite charges keep e- in vicinity of nucleus |
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atomic nucleus |
made up of protons and neutrons
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daltons |
-unit used to measure mass of atoms and subatomic particles
-neutrons and protons have masses close to 1 dalton -dalton is the same as atomic mass unit |
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atomic number |
-# of protons in nucleus
-written as a subscript to the left of symbol |
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mass number |
-sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
-written as superscript to the left of element symbol |
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atomic mass |
-atoms total mass, can be approximated by the mass #
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isotopes and radioactive isotopes |
-two atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons
- decay spontaneously and leads to a change in the # of protons which transforms atom into an atom of a different element |
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energy |
-capacity to cause change by doing work - |
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potential energy |
-energy that matter has because of its location |
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electron shell |
-an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom |
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valence electrons |
e- in outermost shell of an atom
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orbitals |
three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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chemical bonds |
interactions that result in atoms staying close together |
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covalent bonds |
bond that involves the sharing of valence electrons by two atoms |
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molecule |
two or more atoms held together by covalent
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single bond |
-sharing of one pair of valence e- |
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double bond |
-sharing of two pairs of valence e-
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structural formula |
notation used to represent atoms and bonding |
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molecular formula |
abbreviated form |
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electronegativity |
an atoms attraction for the e- in a covalent bond |
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cation |
positively charged ion
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anion |
negatively charged ion
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ionic bond and ionic compounds |
-attraction between an anion and a cation -compounds formed by ionic bonds |
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hydrogen bond |
forms when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom. the attraction between the hydrogen and electronegative atom is a hydrogen bond |
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reactants |
starting molecules of chem reaction |
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products |
final molecules of a chem reaction
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chemical equilibrium |
reached when the forward reaction and reverse reaction occur at the same time relative concentrations of reactants and products dont change |
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nonpolar covalent bond |
atoms share the electrons equally |
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polar covalent bond |
one atom is more electronegative, the atoms do not share the electrons equally |
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ion |
charged atom or molecule |
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van der waals interactions |
attractions between molecules that are close together |
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water |
molecule that supports all life |
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adhesion |
attraction between different substances, helps transport water in plants |
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surface tension |
a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid, water has a high surface tension
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kinetic energy |
the energy of motion. anything that moves has kinetic energy
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specific heat |
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius |
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solution |
liquid that is a complete homogeneous homogeneous mixture of substances |
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solvent |
the dissolving agent of a solution
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solute |
substance that is dissolved
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aqueous solution |
solution where water is a solvent
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hydrophillic |
any substance that has an affinity for water
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hydrophobic |
any substance that repels water. substances that are nonionic and nonpolar like oil
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molecular mass |
sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule |
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mole |
number of molecules usually measured in mols.
1 mol=6.02X10^23 molecules (daltons) |
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molarity |
number of mols of solute per liter of solution (mol/L)
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hydrogen ion |
its a single proton. the hydrogen atom thats transferred to another water molecule
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hydroxide ion |
the water molecule that lost the proton
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hydronium ion |
water molecule the hydrogen transferred to. the water molecule with the extra proton. often represented as H+
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acid |
any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
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base |
any substance that decreases the H+ concentration of a solution
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ph |
scale used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is. acidic- ph less than 7 neutral- has ph of 7 basic-ph greater than 7 |
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four properties of water |
1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent |
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hydrocarbons |
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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structural isomers |
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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cis-trans isomers |
cis- atoms connected to carbon on same side
trans- atoms connected to carbon on different sides |
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functional groups |
the chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions
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what is ATP? |
adenosine triphosphate. an organic phosphate used as a source of energy for cellular processes. |
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carbohydrates |
serve as fuel and building material for cells. made up of sugars and the polymers of sugars |
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monosacchrides |
simplest carbohydrates |
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disaccharides |
forms when dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
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polysaccharides |
the polymers of sugars. have storage and structural roles |
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phospholipids |
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a gylercol. major component of cell membranes
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steriods |
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
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catalysts |
chemical agents that speed up reactions
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amino acids |
organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups
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DNA |
type of nucleic acid. deoxyribonucleic acid. has a shape of a double stranded helix
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RNA |
type of nucleic acid. ribonucleic acid. single stranded. variable forms |
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proteins |
biological functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
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gene expression |
the process of DNA synthesizing proteins |
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nucleotides |
the monomers of nucleic acids. composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
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What is a chemical reaction? Why is a chemical reaction important? |
Its the making and breaking of chemical bonds. This leads to changes in the composition of matter |
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Draw hydroxyl group. |
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Draw a carbonyl group |
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Draw a carboxyl group |
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Draw an amino group |
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Draw a sulfhydryl group |
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Draw a phosphate group |
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Draw a methyl group |
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What are the four classes of macromolecules. What are they used for? |
Carbohydrates - serve as fuel and building material Lipids- has phospholipids which are important for cell membranes Proteins- variety of functions like enzymes, hormones, receptor, motor, and defense Nucleic acid- store, transmit, and express hereditary information |