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113 Cards in this Set
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2 exceptions of bacteria that have been discovered that can be seen with the naked eye |
1. Epulopiscium fishelsoni 2. Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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A bacillus-shaped bacterium that is typically 80 um in diameter and 200-600 um long |
Epulopiscium fishelsoni |
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A sperical bacterium between 100 and 750 um in diameter |
Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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4 forms of bacteria |
1. Coccus 2. Rod or bacillus 3. Spiral 4. Exceptions to the other shapes |
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Are spherical or oval bacteria |
Coccus |
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4 arrangements of coccus |
1. One plane (Diplococcus & Streptococcus) 2. Tetrad arrangement 3. Sarcina arrangement 4. Staphylococcus |
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A pair of cocci |
Diplococcus |
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A chain of cocci |
Streptococcus |
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Square of 4 cocci |
Tetrad |
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Cube of 8 cocci |
Sarcina |
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Grape-like clusters of cocci |
Staphylococcus |
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Average size of coccus |
0.5 - 1.0 um |
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Rod-shaped bacteria |
Bacilli |
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3 classifications of bacilli |
1. Bacillus 2. Streptobacillus 3. Coccobacillus |
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A single bacillus |
Bacillus |
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Chain of bacilli |
Streptobacillus |
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Oval or similar to a coccus |
Coccobacillus |
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3 forms of spiral |
1. Vibrio 2. Spirillum 3. Spirochete |
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A curved or comma-shaped rod |
Vibrio |
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A thick, rigid spiral |
Spirillum |
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A thin, flexible spiral |
Spriochete |
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Examples of exceptions to the above shapes of bacteria |
Trichome-forming, sheathed, stalked, filamentous, square, star-shaped, spindle-shaped, lobed, and pleomorphic (variable in shape) |
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The peptidoglycan is also known as |
Murein |
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A homogenous layer of polymers of identical subunits lying outside the cell membrane |
Peptidoglycan/Murein/Cell wall |
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Is a mucopolysaccharide consisting of a repeating disaccharide attached to chains of 4 to 5 amino acids |
Polymer |
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The backbone of a peptidoglycan is made up of... |
1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) 2. N-acteylmuramic acid (NAM) |
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Four alternating D- and L- amino acids connected to the carboxyl group of the NAM |
Tetrapeptide side chains |
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Tetrapeptide side chains may be directly bonded to each other or linked by... |
Peptide cross-bridge |
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Transports cations, source of phosphate and counterpart of O polysaccharide |
Teichoic acid |
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2 classes of teichoic acid |
1. Lipoteichoic acid 2. Wall teichoic acid |
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Teichoic acid consist of 2 alcohols joined by a phosphate group |
1. Glycerol 2. Ribitol |
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4 functions of teichoic acid |
1. Binds and regulates movement of cations in and out of the cell 2. Assume role in cell growth; regulate the activity of autolysins 3. Involved in storing phosphorous 4. Provide much wall antigenic specificity thus make it possible to identify bacteria by serological means |
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Enzymes that separate the components of the wall to allow insertion of new subunits this prevents extensive wall breakdown and possible lysins |
Autolysins |
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Lies outside the thin peptidoglycan layer |
Outer membrane |
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The outer membrane is made up of 3 |
1. Lipoproteins 2. Lipopolysaccharides 3. Phospholipids |
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2 functions of outer membrane |
1. Evading phagocytosis and action of complement 2. Provides a barrier to antibiotics, lysozyme |
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Enzymes that breakdown the cell wall of all gram positive bacteria |
Lysozyme |
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4 components of outer membrane |
1. Lipoproteins 2. Lipopolysaccharides 3. Porin proteins 4. Specific channel proteins |
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Links outer membrane to peptidoglycan |
Lipoproteins |
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2 components of lipopolysaccharides |
1. O polysaccharide 2. Lipid A |
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A sugar and functions as antigens and are useful for distinguishing species of gram- bacteria by serological means |
O polysaccharide |
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The lipid portion or endotoxin |
Lipid A |
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Toxic when in host's blood stream or GI tract that causes fever or shock |
Endotoxins |
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Proteins that form channels; non specific permit molecules to pass |
Porin proteins |
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Permit the passage of specific substances like Vit. B2, Fe, nucleotides and maltose |
Specific channel proteins |
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Provide attachment sites for viruses and bacterions |
Specific channel proteins |
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Region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane in gram- bacteria |
Periplasm |
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Color of gram positive |
Purple |
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Color of gram negative |
Pink or light red |
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Has several layers of peptidoglycan |
Gram+ |
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Has a teichoic acid |
Gram+ |
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Has outermembrane |
Gram- |
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Has a periplasm |
Gram- |
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With high lipids and lipoproteins content |
Gram- |
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3 atypical cell walls |
1. Archae 2. Mycoplasma 3. L forms |
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Found on Dead Sea and existed on primitive Earth |
Archae |
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Toxic in factories and unfilterable |
Mycoplasma |
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Has no cells walls |
L forms |
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Do not accurately react on Gram staining |
Mycobacterium |
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Color of acid fast |
Bright red |
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2 examples of mycobacterium |
1. Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's disease or leprosy) 2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis or TB) |
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2 parts unique in gram negative bacteria |
1. Outer membrane 2. Periplasm |
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A network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of bacteria and other cells |
Glycocalyx |
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Viscous, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall |
Glycocalyx |
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2 kinds of glycocalyx |
1. Capsule 2. Slime layer |
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Irregularly shaped and not firmly attached |
Capsule |
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Firmly attached |
Slime layer |
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Bacteria that causes dental caries |
Streptococcus mutans |
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3 components of flagella |
1. Basal structure 2. Filament 3. Hook |
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Filamentous appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall |
Flagella |
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It is anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via series of discs |
Basal structure |
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An "elbow"-like structure |
Hook |
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The filament is composed of aggregates of a homogenous protein called... |
Flagellin |
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4 flagellar arrangements |
1. Monotrichous 2. Amphitricous 3. Lophotrichous 4. Peritrichous |
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Single flagellum, usually at one pole |
Monotrichous |
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Single flagellum at both ends of the organism |
Amphitrichous |
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Two or more flagella at one or both poles |
Lophotrichous |
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Flagella over the entire surface |
Peritrichous |
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Are the organelles of locomotion for most of the bacteria |
Flagella |
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2 rotations of flagella |
1. Clockwise rotation 2. Clockwise rotation |
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Result of clockwise rotation |
Tumbling motion and change in direction |
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Result of counterclockwise rotation |
Straight or curved runs and no change in the direction |
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Length of one run |
About 1 second |
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Length of a tumble |
About one-tenth of a second |
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Internal flagella found only on spirochetes |
Axial filament |
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Two to over a hundred axial fibrils |
Endoflagella |
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Thin, protein tubes originating from the cytoplasmic membrane |
Pili |
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The pilus has a shaft composed of a protein called |
Pilin |
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What do you call at the end of the shaft? |
Adhesive tip structure |
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2 basic types of pili |
1. Short attachment pili or fimbriae 2. Long conjugation pili or "F" or sex pili |
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4 structures outside the cell wall |
1. Glycocalyx 2. Flagella 3. Axial filament 4. Pili (fimbriae) |
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2 compositions of cytoplasmic or plasma membrane |
1. Phospholipid 2. Protein molecules |
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Sterol-like molecules |
Hopanoids |
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Stabilizes the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane |
Hopanoids |
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2 movements of materials across bacterial cytoplasmic membrane |
Passive diffusion and active transport |
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Percentage of water |
80% |
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The site of most bacterial metabolism |
Cytoplasm |
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Refers to the sum of an organism's genetic material |
Genome |
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Small, circular nonchromosomal DNA molecules |
Plasmid |
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It is a code for synthesis of a few proteins not coded for by the nucleoid |
Plasmids |
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Composed of RNA and protein |
Ribosomes |
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2 subunits of ribosomes |
1. Small subunit 2. Large subunit |
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Function as a workbench for protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
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What is "S"? |
Svedberg unit |
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3 major group of photosynthetic bacteria |
1. Cyanobacteria 2. Green bacteria 3. Purple bacteria |
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Location of photosynthetic system of cyanobacteria |
Phycobilisomes |
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Location of photosynthetic system of green bacteria |
Chlorosomes |
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Location of photosynthetic system of purple bacteria |
Spherical or lamellar membrane systems |
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Inclusion body that store nitrogen |
Cyanophycin granule |
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Inclusion body that store phosphate |
Volutin granule or metachromatic granule |
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Inclusion body that store sulfur |
Sulfur granules |
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Endospores are produced by... |
1. Bacillus 2. Clostridium |
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Process of making spores |
Sporogenosis |