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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What sort of tissue is bone?
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connective tissue
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blast
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immature cell
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cyte
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mature cell
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osteo
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bone
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*osteoblast
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a bone-forming cell
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*osteocyte
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a mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix
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What do osteoblasts do?
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They produce bone matrix
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clast
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to break
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*osteoclast
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a large, multinucleated cell that breaks down bone
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Why do we need osteoclasts?
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To break down deteriorating bone
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What are the three classes a bone cell can be classified in?
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osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
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Approximately 30% of your bone is ________
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collegen
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What is the function of collegen in bone?
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It gives the tissue flexibility and tensile strength
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In addition to collagen, what else does a bone need?
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Calcium salts
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Salt
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An ionic compound (where one gives an electron and the other takes it)
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Calcium salts
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ionic compounds whose positive ions are Ca 2+ ions.
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Give the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite
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Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
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How does the calcium salt get into the bone?
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It is transported there via the bloodstream
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Hydroxyapatite gives bone what to thrings?
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Hardness and compressive strength (the strength that holds up weight)
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Hydroxyapatite
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The main component of calcium salts
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Rickets
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A disease caused by low calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood
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Trabeulae
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The beams of bone that form the 'latticework' in cancellous bone
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Lacuna
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hollowed out space in the bone matrix for osteocytes
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Where are osteoblasts found?
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At the edge of bone
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Osteons
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Tightly packed 'cylinders' in compact bone
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Central canal
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An opening through the middle of an osteon
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Concentric lamellae
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Righs of bone tissue that surround the blood vessels which run trhough the central canal
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Interstitial lamellae
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"packing material" between the osteons
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Canaliculi
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Extensions that link the cells to one another
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Calcified cartilage
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Cartilage in which calcium salts have accumulated and the chondrocytes have died
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Appositional bone growth
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The process by which a bone becomes thicker and the medullary cavity increases in size
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Bone remodelling
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The process by which osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts rebuild it
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Proeolytic enzymes
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Enzymes that digest protein
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Why is bone remodelling necessary?
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1. All new bone tissue is cancellous so it turns it into compact. 2. It increases or decreases mass. 3. It reshapes the bone. 4. It repairs the bone. 5. It replaces worn collegen 6. It replaces hydroxyapatite
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*hematoma
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A localized mass of blood that is confined to an organ or some definable space
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*callus
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A mass of tissue that connects the ends of a broken bone
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Internal callus
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A callus that forms between the breaks in a bone
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External callus
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A callus that forms around the outside of a bone
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Describe bone repair
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When the bone breaks, a hemotoma forms. It is then replaced with a callus brought in by the blood. The callus ossifies into cancellous bone. Then the bone is remodelled to like-new condition
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What does the thyroid gland secrete?
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Calcitonin
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What do the parathyroid glands secrete?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Through what three ways can the body respond if the calcium level decreases?
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1. Release PTH to increase osteoclst activity. 2. Secrete PTH to signal kidneys to add calcium to blood. 3. Secrete PTH to signal production of vitamin D
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Through what two ways can the body respond if the calcium level increases?
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1. Secrete calcitonin to decreases osteolast activity. 2. Create less PTH to decrease osteoclast activity
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What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
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Human growth hormone (HGH)
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What does HGH do?
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It stimulates osteoblast activity
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Dwarfism
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The condition that results if to little HGH is released
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Giantism
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The condition that results if to much HGH is released
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What do estrogen and testosterone do?
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Stimulate osteoblast activity
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What are the three types of joints?
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Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
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Fibrous joint
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Two bones which are joined with fibrous connective tissue. A suture is completely immovable, while a syndemosis is a joint where the two bones are farther apart than in a suture and are slightly moveable
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Cartilaginous join
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The points at which bones are unitied with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, either immoveable or slightly immoveable. Synchondroses consist of joints made by hyaline cartilage. A symphysis consists of a joint made by fibrocartilage
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Synovial joint
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The type of joint which allows for most movement in the skeleton. They contain synovial fluid
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What are the basic features of a synovial joint?
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Bursa, articular cartilage, articular capsule, fibrous capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid
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What are the six major types of synovial joints?
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Ball and socket, higne, saddle, gliding, pivot, and ellipsoid
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*Anatomical position
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The position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forard, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms faving forward with the thumbs to the outside.
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Superior
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Above
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Inferior
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Below
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Proximal
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Nearest
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Distal
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Distant
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Anterior
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Front
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Posterior
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Back
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Midline
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An imaginary line that runs down the center of something
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Midsagittal plane
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The plane that runs at the midline
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Lateral
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Located away from the midline
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Medial
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Located near the midline
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Extenstion
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To straighten a joint
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Flexion
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To decrease the angle between the bones of a joint
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Plantar flexion
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To move your ankles so you can stand on your toes
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Dorsiflexion
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To move your ankles so the angle between the foot and the tibia decreases
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Abduction
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The joints move the bones away from the midline
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Adduction
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The joints move the bones towards the midline
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Inversion
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The process performed when you turn your foot inward
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Eversion
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The process performed when you turn your foot outward
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Circumduction
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A circular motion that is performed by ball and socket joints
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Rotation
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The process that occurs when a joint turns a bone on its axis
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Supination
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To rotate the forearm so that the palm faces up or forward
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Pronation
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To rotate the forearm so that the palm faces down or back
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