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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the skeletal system |
>Protection cranium of the skull protects the brain >support supports soft body tissues to give shape to our bodies >movement provides a solid structure for muscle attachment >manufacture of blood cells the marrow of some bones e.g. long bones, produces blood cells >Calcium store bones provide a store of calcium >breathing the ribcage when moved by the intercostal muscles help to increase and decrease the volume of the thorax which bring about inhalation and exhalation |
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Structure of bone |
The shaft in a long bone is hollow in the sense that its centre is filled with bone marrow and blood vessels, rather than with hard bone. This makes the bone strong but lightweight. |
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Bone
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>in bone tissue, the bone secreting cells(osteocytes)secrete a rigid matrix of protein and calcium salts |
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Cartilage |
>in cartilage tissue the secreting cells(chondrocytes) secrete a flexible matrix of protein >prevents bone from rubbing on bone >shock absorber |
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Tendons |
>have tensile stength(the resistance of a material to breaking under tension) >little elasticity >join muscles to bones >needs to be very strong and non elastic >composed of a tough protein, collagen |
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Ligaments |
>hold bone to bone >have tensile strength >some elasticity so joints can bend without the bones dislocating >composed of fibres of an elastic protein, elastin >elastin gives ligaments strength and elasticity |
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Joints |
>occur where two bones meet >also known as bone articulation >three types; *fixed joints *slightly movable *freely movable |
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immovable joints(fixed)
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bones of the cranium of the skull they are fused together |
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Slightly movable |
joints between the adjacent centra of the vertebral column |
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Synovial joints(freely movable) |
>can be further classified according to range of movement they allow >allow friction free movement >parts are *cartilage(shock absorber) *ligament(holds bone to bone) *synovial membrane(produces synovial fluid) *synovial fluid(lubricates joint, nourishes cartilage) |
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Hinge joint |
>allows freedom of movement in one plane >elbows, knees, fingers |
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Ball and socket joint |
>allows freedom of movement in any plane >shoulder, hip |
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Skeletal muscles |
>made up of many muscle fibres containing contractile proteins >can contract >maintains posture >allows movement >can be classified according to movement they bring about |
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Rotators |
bring about rotation of a limb |
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extensors |
cause a straightening of the limb(increse angle between bone) |
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flexors |
cause a bending of the limb(decrease angle between bones) |
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Origin muscle |
attached to a bone that does not move a great deal |
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Insertion muscle |
attached to a bone that moves a great deal |
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Antagonistic muscles of the arm |
Antagonistic pairs When one of the muscles contracts the other one relaxes. One muscle in the pair contracts to bend the joint the other muscle in the pair contracts to straighten the joint biceps-flexors triceps-extensors |
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Locomotion |
our skeleton has evolved so that we have a bipedal hebit which allows an upright stance our hind limbs are used for locomotion |
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Effects of exercise |
>more capillaries produced in muscles >muscles become larger >greater endurance achieved >muscle tone will increase >joints will become more flexible |
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Posture |
Bad posture leads to >more energy needed by muscles to keep the body upright leading to muscle fatigue and backache >digestive/breathing system being compressed and working less efficiently >main blood cells becoming compressed and therefore carrying less blood |
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Footcare |
ill fitting shoes caues >bunions >hammer toe >corns >backache |