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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Origin of Buddhist Art in Nepal and Tibet
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Northern India Buddhist/Hindu Temples destroyed by Muslim 11th-12th century
Monks Fled to Nepal - Moved through Himalayas to Tibet Created Tantric/Vajrayana Buddhism |
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Tantric or Vajrayana Buddhism
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Vajrayana: the diamond vehicle
Bon (native Tibetan mystical religion) + Mahayana Buddhism w/ complex pantheon of deities Created by Tibetan Buddhist Monks varied in different isolated valleys/ monastic establishments |
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Lamas
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revered local leaders
interpreted Buddhist ideas |
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Lamaist Beliefs
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believed individual can awake Buddha spirit within and achieve enlightenment within lifetime
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Lamaist effect on Art
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Art became important aid in time shortened quest
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Tibetan Art Origins
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received its style from northern India and Nepal
drew from decorative arts of China/Central Asia to create distinct style |
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Thangkas
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rolled up cloth
represented important authority figures (political leaders, revered teachers, lamas, bodhisattvas and Buddha) preserved Gupta/Ajanta style painting |
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Images on Thangka
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Tibetans believed the subjects were joined w/their images
must represent authority of depicted figure shown frontally in authoritative position surrounded by symmetrical composition of attendants/religious symbols had to appear greater than those around it (Hieratic) |
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Manjushri
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high ranking bodhisattva
symbol of wisdom Often shown w/ 2 or 4 arms, sword to cut through ignorance or Sutra of Transcendent Wisdom Dwelt in heavenly Pure Land |
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Thangka of Manjushri Appearance
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Enthroned in yogi (cross-legged) position
Sits on multiplatform flanked by 2 smaller temples Additional Manjushris above/below temple w/ 4 or 2 arms wielding sword |
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Careful balance of Thangka of Manjushri composition reflects...
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Tibetan Buddhist emphasis on order, balance and harmony in cosmology
Careful manner in construction of hierarchy of Buddhist figureheads |
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Lotus Blossom in Thangka of Manjushri symbolizes...
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purity
dwelt in heavenly Pure Land |
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Effect of thangkas on depicted historical subject
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elevated them to semi divine status
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Dalai Lamas in Tibetan art
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given authority/power to lead followers to enlightenment made them important icons in Tibetan art
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The 5th Dalai Lama
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allied w/Mongols
unified Tibet consolidated all political and religious power expressed his triumphs in series of hilltop monasteries |
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Potala monastery-palace history
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incorporated earlier buildings w/ wall paintings dating to 8th century
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Basic building form used in Potala monastery-palace
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topographical demands=no mandala plan
time honored Tibetan system of construction derived from traditional farmhouse rectangle tapered/whitewashed walls of sunbaked brick narrow windows interior column supports enclosed courtyard |
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Tomb of the 5th Dalai Lama
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located in atrium, in the red palace, at Potala
became religious center of all tibet |
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Roof treatment at Potala monastery-palace
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covered in emblems:
Wheel of the Law Deer (from Buddhas first sermon) Finials in the form of mythical creatures |
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Powerful simplicity of The Potala monastery-palace expresses
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political and spiritual power of the Dalai Lama
austerity of life in harsh Himalayan Climate all while preserving the look of Tibetan folk architecture |
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Traditional Buddhist Mandala Plan
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tall central temple (symbolizing Mt Meru)
surrounded by lower temples (symbolizing Buddhist cosmos) |
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Origin of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
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Legend: Son+Daughter of Ashoka carried Buddhism to Sri Lanka in late 3rd century
remained stronghold of HINAYANA Buddhism |
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Buddha's Journey to Sri Lanka
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Buddha visited Sri Lanka 3 times
Clippings of Bodhi tree still grow in Sri Lanka |
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Sri Lankan Style of Art
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painters and sculptors made use of free flowing lines
gave work energetic qualities |
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Parakrama Bahu I
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ruled 1153-86
last great monarch period of greatest artistic activity |
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Ananda Attending the Parinirvana of the Buddha
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Ananda (Buddhas favorite disciple) attends Buddha's nirvana
depicts life of Shakyamuni |
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Distinctive Sri Lankan Style in Ananda Attending the Parinirvana of the Buddha
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Buddha reclines- narrow folds in his sanghati/lines around shoulder, down his arm and hip retain energy and movement
gracefulness became important element in Southeast Asian Buddhist art |
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Depiction of Ananda in Ananda Attending the Parinirvana of the Buddha
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calm Sri Lankan face signifies higher level of understanding
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Ananda Attending the Parinirvana of the Buddha compared to Parinirvana of Ghandara
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Lies on right side
robes are heavier other figures are western in features/clothing/mannerisms |
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Buddhist art in Pagan
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flourished from 9th-13th century
ceased post Chinese/Siamese invasion under Kubilai Khan roughly 2000 Buddhist temples in Pagan |
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The Ananda Temple Appearance
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plan shows square like core w/labyrinth of passageways
Jataka panels decorate the outside Solid block of masonry in heart of cruciform terrace platform framed by 4 colossal statues of Buddha facing all directions white stucco, brick, and gilded |
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Jatakas along outside of The Ananda Temple
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illustrate the entry point of understanding how we should live
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Plan of the Ananda Temple
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suggests mandada at work
tall central spire w/smaller towers on corners of terraces |
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Source of the cruciform plan of the Ananda Temple
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Brahmanic architecture of nearby Bengal, India
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Cruciform plan in Indonesia
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underwent considerable modifications when used in construction of stupa at Borobudur
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History of Stupa at Boroburdur
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Island of Java, Indonesia
Origin obscure believed to be constructed around 800 CE not known to outside world until 19th century |
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Stupa at Boroburdur Appearance
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built over crest of small hill
408x408x105 decorated w/ 10 miles of relief sculptures in open air galleries stairway bisecting all sides in cardinal directions 9 levels |
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Meaning of Base and First 5 levels of Stupa at Boroburdur
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rectangular
represent terrestrial world |
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Ground Level and 3 Uppermost Levels of Stupa at Boroburdur
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Reliefs illustrate plight of mankind moving through endless reincarnation cycles
represents celestial realm |
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Base and first 5 levels of Stupa at Boroburdur
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walls show scenes from Buddha's life taken from jatakas and sutras
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Sutra
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cleverly worded statement or collection of aphorisms in form of a manual)
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Karmayibhanga
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East facade of Stupa at Boroburdur
caring for someone who's sick |
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The Ugly, Deformed one
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on Stupa at Boroburdur
what happens when you disobey your parents |
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3 Upper levels of Stupa at Boroburdur
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no longer wedged between walls
supports 72 perforated stupas, each containing dharmachackra mudra Buddha sitting in yoga position surrounds larder central solid stupa |
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How is Borobudur the ultimate diagram or mandala of the Buddhist cosmos?
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moving around it/ascending to summit
pilgrims relive their/Buddha's past lives can see things to come in future Nirvana: Ascend from the human Sphere of desire to Sphere of Form to Sphere of Formless |
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Symbolism of architecture + reliefs at Stupa at Boroburdur =
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outline mircocosm of all earthly/heavenly existence in MAHAYANA Buddhist Philosophy
many levels but capable of being achieved in one lifetime |
