Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what do all control theories assume?
|
that all people will commit crime unless something stops them
|
|
|
what type of theories are social con theory and self control theory?
|
control theories
|
|
|
what causes crime according to social control theory?
|
crime is the result of lack of restraint on natural tendency to be antisocial
|
|
|
who came up with social control theory?
|
Hircshi
|
|
|
where does restraint come from according to social control theory?
|
restraint comes from the formation of a strong social bond
|
|
|
Social Control Theory: What 4 things make up a social bond?
|
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief
|
|
|
SCT: Attachment?
|
Emotional part of bond - it's the extent to which you have close ties with others and care about their opinions
|
|
|
Social Control Theory: Attachment: does it matter who you are attached to?
|
No
|
|
|
SCT: commitment?
|
Rational part of bond - the extent to which you've built up a stake in conformity, goals and aspirations, which is at risk if you engage in crime
|
|
|
SCT: Involvement?
|
Time spent in conventional activities - this part of the bond becomes stronger when one spends more time doing law-abiding things
|
|
|
SCT: Belief?
|
In morality of the law - would feel guilty for violating it
|
|
|
Social Control Theory: What happens when the belief factor is weak?
|
It allows a person to justify crime
|
|
|
What type of theory is Social Control Theory?
|
A general theory, a dynamic theory (the thing producing crime can change over time, social bond can strengthen or weaken, each of the 4 parts can change with age/situation)
|
|
|
What are the policy implications of Social Control Theory?
|
Find ways to strengthen the bond. Attachment: mentoring/role models, Commitment: employment/investment opportunities, Involvement: after school programs, Belief: surround w/good examples
|
|
|
Research pertaining to Social Control Theory?
|
WHO you are attached to does matter (delinquent peers increase crime), SCT describes females better than males. Males are more likely to be influenced by peers.
|
|
|
Criticisms of Social Control Theory?
|
theory incomplete: what causes a lack of bonding? It assumes everyone is equally motivated to commit crime, influences of individual level factors are disregarded
|
|
|
What type of theory is Self-Control Theory?
|
A control theory: will commit crime unless stopped by something (something = self control), a general theory, a static theory (thing that causes crime DOESN'T change over time)
|
|
|
Self Control Theory: where does the nature of crime come from?
|
immediate gratification, brief effort and easy, not planned/well thought out
|
|
|
Social Control Theory?
|
People with low self-control will engage in crime whenever they have the opportunity
|
|
|
What is the cause of low self control according to the self control theory?
|
Ineffective parenting/socialization: parents fail to either monitor their child, recognize bad behavior, or punish/respond to it. Parents w/low self control raise kids with low self control.
|
|
|
When is self control level set according to the self control theory?
|
around age 8-9: Static theory of crime, this cannot be changed
|
|
|
Which levels of self control explain which amount of involvement in crime? self control theory.
|
High self control = no crime, medium - some crime, low = lots of crime
|
|
|
Do offenders specialize in a type of crime according to self control theory?
|
No, its just based on the opportunities they get
|
|
|
Self control theory summary?
|
poor parenting --> low self control ages 8-9 --> opportunity --> crime and similar behaviors
|
|
|
Social Control Theory: Policy Implications?
|
improve parenting, reduce opportunity (routine activities policy)
|
|
|
Self control theory: Research?
|
research generally finds some relationship between self control and crime
|
|
|
Self control theory: Criticisms?
|
Theory over simplifies the nature of crime: many crimes are planned, hard to commit, benefits not immediate,etc. and some offenders specialize in type of crime (lots of exceptions to the theory) low self control could be just a factor.
|
|
|
What is social control?
|
methods used by members of a social group to influence conformity with social norms
|
|
|
what are norms?
|
socially acceptable, expected ways of behaving in a social situation
|
|
|
What are the two types of social control?
|
formal and informal
|
|
|
Informal Social Control?
|
any other way members of society respond to norm violations goal: prevent or stop violation, confrontation, exclude/reject, express disapproval, etc.
|
|
|
Formal Social Control?
|
punishments or other action in response to violation of written law (criminal justice system)
|
|
|
What is Social Disorganization Theory?
|
explains why crime in concentrated in certain places
|
|
|
What type of theory is social disorganization theory?
|
a specific (only explains crime in certain areas) and macro level theory
|
|
|
social disorganization theory is influences by what?
|
Concentric zones theory
|
|
|
who came up with concentric zones
|
park and burgess (social darwinists)
|
|
|
What is Concetric zones?
|
cities grow like plant communities, starts from central busiess districs and city expands, growth invades hte next zone
|
|
|
Who created social disorganization theory and studied concentric zone theory?
|
Shaw and McKay
|
|
|
What did shaw and mckay seek to identify with social disorganization theory?
|
delinquency rates in different areas of the city. are delinquency rates different across the city?
|
|
|
What studies did shaw and mckay make
|
they took juvenile court records of 60,000 boys and looked at addresses and used census data to generate delinquency rate for each area of the city
|
|
|
What were shaw and mckays results?
|
the highest crime rates were in the zone around the central business district, not dependent on type of residents, minority groups in other ares had crime rates equal to others in those areas
|
|
|
What is the zone of transition?
|
the zone around the central business district - shaw and mckay social disorganization theory
|
|
|
What are the Zone of Transition characteristics?
|
High poverty and dilapidated housing, high residential mobility, high population density, racial and ethnic conflict, other social ills
|
|
|
Why is the high crime rate in zone of transition stable over time?
|
gradual transition allows existing residents to socialize the newbies, so hig hcrime rate continues with each new group
|
|
|
social disorganization theory summary
|
neighborhood conditions -> social disorganization -> lack of informal social control -> youths not socialized to dominant norms -> criminal subculture -> gradual resident turn over keeps high crime rate stable
|
|
|
What are the types of Learning Theories?
|
Differential Association Theory (sutherland), Social Learning Theory (akers)
|
|
|
What are the influences of differential association theory?
|
sociological determinism, collection and analysis of data, life histories approaches
|
|
|
What are the assumptions of all learning theories?
|
humans are born a blank slate and learn to be good or bad, there are conflicting values in society, crime occurs across all social classes, but differ on types of crime (sutherland coined white collar crime)
|
|
|
Differential Association Theory
|
the process of acquiring definitions favorable to crime, definitions are learned through interaction with intimate personal groups, learn criminal techniques
|
|
|
what does acquiring definitions (attitudes) vary by? DAT
|
frequency, duration, intensity (attachment), priority (age) - some sources of learning carry more weight than others
|
|
|
what does DAT think about police and prison guards?
|
they aren't in intimate personal groups with them, no intense ties not exposed early so it doesnt apply
|
|
|
what does DAT have to say about media exposure?
|
you can learn only from personal interactions not media
|
|
|
was does DAT have to say about why crime rates are higher in certain areas?
|
agrees with social disorganization theory - there are more criminals in some areas to learn from
|
|
|
Differential Association Theory: Policy Implications?
|
anything that promotes forming relationships with law abiding source of learning, younger is better but older also makes a difference (mentoring programs, prevent young from associating with offenders, stop offenders from associating w/each other and give them positive peers)
|
|
|
Differential Association Theory: Research?
|
there is strong evidence that criminals do associate w/other criminals, but research cant establish temporal order. Research finds attitudes do not directly predict behavior.
|
|
|
DAT criticisms?
|
many exceptions to the theory, oversimplifies the learning process, how do these compare to each other: frequency, duration, intensity, priority?
|
|
|
who came up with Social Learning Theory?
|
Ron Akers
|
|
|
what type of theory is social learning theory?
|
a general theory
|
|
|
what theories does social learning theory draw on?
|
psychology theories: reinforcements and punishments (skinner), imitation and modeling (bandura)
|
|
|
how are criticisms of differential associate theory addressed by social learning theory?
|
shifting focus from attitudes to behavior, explaing exceptions to theory with differential identification, giving a more complex picture of learning nad how people differ
|
|
|
social learning theory
|
people learn criminal behavior and the attitudes that go with it, it can be direct through reinforcements or punishmetns or indirection through imitation and modeling. once criminal behavior is learned it can be strenthened by reinforcements or weakened by punishments
|
|
|
which is more important according to social learning theory: reinforcements or punishments?
|
reinforcement
|
|
|
social learning theory and rational choice theory are the same? T/F?
|
false
|
|
|
What is all criminal behavior produced by according to social learning theory?
|
Differential Associations with others, differential reinforcement (reinforcements that increase behavior and punishments that decrease it), imitations - copying behavior you see others do and explains inition of criminal behavior, definitions - morals or attitudes about the law
|
|
|
Social Learning Theory: Policy Implications? when they learn mostly from intimate personal groups?
|
same as differential association theory, mentoring/role models and preventing criminals from associating with others
|
|
|
Social Learning Theory: Policy Implications? crime will continue depending on strength of reinforcement or punishment
|
programs that reward law abiding behavior, reward law abiding behavior by known ofenders nad punishment for first time offenders and repeat offenders
|
|
|
Policy Implications of Social Learning Theory? can also learn by imitation of oters
|
show that offenders receive punishments, restrict coolness of crime and violence in the media
|
|
|
Social Learning Theory: Policy implications? attitudes as a source of reinforcement or punishment
|
mentoring and media role models, programs teaching law abiding behavior
|
|
|
Social Learning Theory: Research?
|
general resarch in psych. supports operant conditiong, so there is support of basic comcepts that behavior of others has strong influce but same temporal order problem as differential association
|
|
|
does Social Learning Theory explai nall types of crime?
|
questionable whether or not its really a general theory, what about very unusual and extremely violent crimes?
|
