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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug do we use to prevent or suppress heat in dogs and cats?
What kind of drug is it? |
Megestrol acetate (MGA) = Ovaban
A progestogen, FDA approved |
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How effective is MGA at preventing estrus?
How is it given? How long does it last? What is an example of it's use? |
99%
A pill a day for 32 days, will keep a dog from cycling for 1-4 months Don't want a showdog cycling on road. |
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How effectice is MGA at suppressing heat?
How is it given? How long does it last? Points to consider? |
It is 95% effective given in the 8 days after 3 days of proestrus.
It will last for 4-6 months You must do a vaginal smear before starting a bitch on it, because of slight chance of pyometra |
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What is the third thing MGA is used for in Dogs and Cats?
How is it given? What do you not want to give it to? |
Ending pseudopregnancy
Daily for 8 days, pregnant animals, animals with mammary cancer, DM, liver disease |
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When an owner asks you to bring their dog into heat because she hasn't cycled when supposed to, what do you always do?
If high, what do you do? If low, what do you do? |
Do a progesterone assay
If P4 is high, she was in heat in the last 60 days. Give her PGF2a to shorten the time until the next heat. If P4 is low, she was not in heat in the last 60 days. There is no FDA-approved treatment, but people have tried PG600, eCG, FSH, others. |
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What are some things to remember about trying to "enhance estrus" in dogs?
Why don't we give P4? |
It is not really done now and is not recommended because it involves estrogen, so AI is a new way to go.
Trying to raise P4 is dangerous because it will increase the chance of pyometra and P4 can suppress estrus. |
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Are there any FDA approved drugs to induce ovulation in dogs and cats?
What can be used? What to remember about this? |
No, use them sparingly
hCG or GnRH, given about 3-4 days after seeing an estral smear Increased chance of pyometra and the cycle may not produce a viable pregnancy. |
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How can we shorted the interestrous interval in dogs?
By how much can the interval be shortened? When do people sometimes use this? |
Give PGF2a in diestrus
By as much as 2.5 months Christmas puppies |
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What is the first thing you do when presented with a client that wants you to abort a mismating in a dog?
How do estrogens work in stopping pregnancy in these cases? |
Check that the bitch is actually pregnant, since 50% of these dogs aren't pregnant.
They trap the eggs in the oviduct so they don't reach the uterus. |
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What can happen to dog if you give her too much estrogen?
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Aplastic anemia, with thrombocytopenia and bleeding.
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When are estrogens safe to give to a dog for the prevention of pregnancy? (What part of the cycle?)
How do you tell you are at the right part of the cycle? |
When estrogen is given during estrus
Do vaginal cytology and look for an estral smear |
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T/F You should avoid giving estrogens to dogs for mismate therapies when possible because of the threat of pyometra.
When should you try to abort instead and with what? |
True
Wait to see that she is pregnant, then give PGF2a in the last half of pregnancy to induce abortion. |
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Give the drugs used to cause abortion at each stage of pregnancy:
Early After estrus, before preg check After estrus after preg check |
Estrogen (Diethylstillbestrol)
PGF2a + Cabergoline PGF2a + Cabergoline + Dexamethasone |
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T/F 90% of "Mismated" dogs were not seen in coitus, 90% of them do not get pregnant and therefore 90% of them do not need mismating shots.
What can you do to prevent needing drugs to intervene? |
True
In the first 24-48 hours, take a swab and look for sperm HEADS. Check her for pregnancy in 30 days, abort with PGF2a |
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At greater then 35 days, bitches tend to ______ fetuses. At less than 35 days, bitches tend to ______ fetuses.
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Abort, absorb
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If you are giving a prostaglandin shot to a dog for a mismating/abortion, what should you be wary of?
You never give progesterone to animals with _______ or _______. Of the prostaglandins, which should you stick with? |
Keep them in hospital, monitor, can increase HR, make them nauseous. It has a narrow therapeutic window.
Heart or respiratory problems Lutalyse |
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T/F We know the minimum progesterone concentration needed to maintain pregnancy in the bitch
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False
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What is a drug that can be used to maintain pregnancy in the bitch?
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Regumate (Altrenogest)
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Is pseudopregnancy normal?
What are things that will predispose a bitch to pseudopregnancy? What are three drugs used to treat pseudopregnancy in the bitch? |
Yes
1. When progesterone falls rapidly at the end of diestrrus 2. After giving PGF2a 3. After late gestation abortion 4. After diestrus spaying 1. Megestrol acetate 2. Mibolerone 3. Capergoline |
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Will medical treatments for pseudopregnancy sometimes result in a reversion to signs?
What are some signs of pesudopregnancy and how long do they last? |
Yes, when the drug is stopped.
Nesting behavior, increased mammary gland size, lactating It often lasts a week but can go on for 3 weeks or more. |
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What are 3 things that can bring a cat into heat faster? Hint, only one is a drug. Note she may not ovulate, only show signs.
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1. Stimulation
2. Photoperiod 3. Estrogen - will bring on a heat in 2-7 days that will last for 2-4 weeks. |
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How can you induce ovulation in a cat?
Hint, 2 are drugs. |
1. Glass rod stimulation
2. hCG 3. GnRH or FSH |
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What can you give to a cat to suppress her cycling?
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Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)
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What can you give a cat to make her abort? Three drugs:
What to remember about one of them? |
1. Estrogen - same side effects as dogs
2. PGF2a 3. Cabergoline PGF2a is not luteolytic in early diestrus in cats. |
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What can be a tip off that a bitch has a ventrally-dispaced vulva?
How do we correct it? How do we prevent it? Ie- what do we recommend? |
She has recurrent UTI's from urine splashing back inside the vault.
Surgically, often the hood is also covering it. Hold off spaying the dog until she has had her first heat. |
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In what dogs do we tend to see hooded vulvas?
What are some common signs? In what 2 ways can it be hooded? How is it treated? |
In breeds that already have extra folds of skin.
Recurrent UTI's, licking, itching Dorsally, or laterally. Surgical removal of the excess tissue. |
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What breeds tend to get vaginal vault hyperplasia?
What causes it? What does it look like? |
Sheepdogs, English bulldogs, boxers, brachycephalics
An exaggerated response to estrogen A tongue sticking out |
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How can you treat vaginal hyperplasia in the dog?
Do we do surgical correction? What is the only permanent treatment? |
If it is a valuable bitch, breed her by AI
Megestrol acetate GnRH Spay No; spay instead because of threat of complications to the area. Spay |
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What does prolapse of a vagina look like in a dog?
What can it be caused by? What do you have to worry about? What is general order of treating it? What is the permanent solution? |
A donut shape poking out of the body
Straining, forced end of coitus, brachycephalics The tissue drying out. The area easily becomes traumatized. 1. Start simple; keep it moist, Elizabethan collar, mineral oil 2. Anesthesia, clean it up, try to put back in. 3. Try to put in a pursestring and if it doesn't work, only then resection. Spay |
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What can a persistent hymen look like?
Signs in the dog? What is the most informative and least expensive test? What are two methods of treating it? |
A strip of tissue or a narrowing of the hole
Crying, straining when trying to give birth, difficulty in coitus. She may also have chronic vaginitis from urine pooling at the site. Insert your finger and try to strum it if it is close. But for most of them you will need endoscopy. 1. Leave it in there: AI and C-section when the time comes 2. Laser cutting |
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T/F You should expect some bacterial growth in a vaginal swab from a bitch
What is a bacterial you may see there that got into the vaginal vault from the dog licking? What is the take home point? |
True- most samples will be positive but for safe organisms
Pasteurella multocida in over 90% of bitches That most cultures will have growth and the key is to evaluate it. |
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What is CEH?
What causes it? How will the bitch present? How do you treat it? |
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
An exaggerated response to progesterones by the uterus. There will be shiny cysts inside and an increased chance of pyometra. The dog will already have a chronic endometritis. Asymptomatic to pyometra. 1st choice is to spay the dog. Can also do uterine lavage to try and wash it out or give prostaglandins to clean it out. |
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Any female dog is at risk for pyometra but there are some risk factors. Name some:
What are the common bacteria involved? |
- Over 6 years old
- CEH - Given progrestogens - Dog has been in diestrus for a long time E.coli, Staph, Strep. |
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What are some signs of pyometra
Which is worse to have, a closed or open pyometra? How is it diagnosed? (Tests?) |
Depression, anorexia, vaginal discharge, vomiting, PU/PD
A closed pyometra CBC over 30,000 neuts Painful abdomen Rads, Ultrasound |
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*** For pyometra, many of these dogs have a ____________ that is __________, which is the reason these dogs get the pyometra.
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Persistent CL
Secreting P4 |
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How do you treat pyometra in the dog?
How does PGF2a work in the tract? Why is this this good (think about it)? How long do you keep treating it? What do you need to try to do afterwards if she stays intact? |
1. OHE is the best answer
2. Antibiotics and fluids 3. PGF2a 1. It contracts the myometrium 2. It opens the cervix 3. It luteolyzes the CL Keep treating until the mucous runs clear out of the vulva. If she stays intact, try to keep her pregnant because recurrence of pyometra is common |
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What are side effects to giving PGF2a in dogs (like for treating pyometra?)
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GI mostly:
Hypersalivation Panting Diarrhea Emesis |
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What causes ovarian remnant syndrome and what are the signs?
What are three ways you can diagnose it? Which is your #1 choice? Why do you do the smear? |
A piece of the ovarian tissue is left behind during a spay and the revascularizes and becomes functional. The animal will show signs of estrus
Ultrasound to find the bit left Vaginal smear is #1 choice, look for cornification, and keep checking every couple of days until you see it if needed. There shouldn't be cornified cells there because it takes estrogen and there shouldn't be estrogen if she was properly spayed. The last way is to measure P4 because it is made by the ovarian tissue. Anything > 3 ng/ml is suspicious. |
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What are two hormones you can test for?
What hormones do you use to treat it? What can you also do to fix it? Why might the animal develop pseudopregnancy after you get rid of the ovarian tissue? |
Estrogen (variable), Progesterone (better test)
hCG or GnRH to induce ovulation and get rid of the signs of estrus, but this is a temporary fix Need to go back in and remove the bot of ovary left. Because pseudopregnancy can happen anytime there is a sudden drop in progesterone like when you took out the tissue. |
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What is the hallmark of an animal having split estrus?
What does it most commonly happen in? |
They don't ovulate after several tries.
It may be seen as a dog that has trouble getting pregnant and has few pups in each litter. First heat German Shepherds |
