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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The thyroid is located on the ____ & ____ portion of the neck.
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anterior & lower
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The thyroid is _____ to the trachea & esophagus.
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anteriolateral
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Where is the thyroid in relation to the larynx?
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inferior to larynx
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The thyroid is bordered laterally by what 3 things?
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common carotid A, internal carotid A, & internal jugular V
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The thyroid is _____ in the neck.
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superficial
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The thyroid has how many lobes?
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2 (left & right)
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The SAG measurement of the thyroid is _____.
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4 - 6 cm
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What is the AP measurement of the thyroid?
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2 - 3 cm
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The TRV measurement of the thyroid is ____.
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1.5 - 2 cm
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The thyroid is connected midline by what structure?
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isthmus
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The measurement of the isthmus in AP is ____.
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2 - 6 mm
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The isthmus is considered enlarged if it is greater than ____.
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6 mm
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The internal structure of the thyroid is composed of:
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a large # of follicles which consists of colloid & are surrounded by a single layer of epi. cells
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What are follicles?
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a small sac, cavity, or gland involved in secretion
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A thick gelatinous substance that is produced in the thyroid gland & stores hormones is the ____.
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colloid
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The thyroid gland has a blood supply that is ____ times the weight of the gland coursing thru each min.
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5
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The thyroid is supplied by the _____ & _____ arteries.
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superior & inferior
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The sup & inf thyroid arteries have ____ & ____ branches.
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right & left
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What are the superior right & left thyroid arteries a branch of?
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external carotid arteries
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The inferior right & left thyroid arteries are branches of the ____ ____.
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thyrocervical trunk
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Where does the thyrocervical trunk arise from?
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subclavian arteries
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Thyroid arterial supply consists of:
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superior right & left thyroid arteries, and inferior right & left thyroid arteries
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Venous blood from the thyroid is drained into:
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internal jugular veins & innominate vein
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The thyroid drains venous blood into the innominate vein from the ____ ____ vein.
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inferior thyroid
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The anterior muscles of the thyroid consist of the _____ & _____.
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strap muscle & sternocleidomastoid
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What do the strap muscles consist of?
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sternohyoid, omohyoid & sternothyroid
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The posterior muscle of the thyroid consist of?
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The longus coli
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What are the strap muscles?
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a group of muscles that lie anterior to the thyroid
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The most anterior muscle in the neck is the _____.
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sternohyoid
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The sternothyroid muscle is located slightly ____ &____ to the sternohyoid.
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lateral & posterior
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The sternohyoid & sternothyroid muscles are joined ML by the ____.
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fascia
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What is the fascia?
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sheet or band of connective tissue
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What muscle can be felt behind the ear?
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sternocleidomastoid
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The sternoclediomastoid is located _____ to the thyroid & _____ to the sternohyoid & sternothyroid.
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anterolateral & lateral
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The esophagus is slightly to the ___ of the ML.
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left
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The ____ is posterior to the thyroid gland.
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esophagus
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What 3 things does the thyroid maintain?
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body metabolism, growth, and development
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The thyroid is an endocrine gland and secretes what 3 major hormones?
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thyroxine (T4), triidothyronine (Ts), and calcitonin
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What is TSH?
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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What does TSH do?
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controls thyroids hormone secretion
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What is the primary function of calcitonin?
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to decrease blood calcium levels
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What is necessary for production of thyroxine (T4)?
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iodide ingestion
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_____ is the primary thyroid hormone making up 90%.
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thyroxine (T4)
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The ____ cells produce thyroid hormones.
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follicular
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T3 & T4 have a profound effect on the _____ rate of the body.
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metabolic
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What do follicular cells regulate?
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tissue growth and development
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Parafollicular cells produce ____.
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calcitonin
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The parafollicular cells store ____% of the body;s iodine from the blood.
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25%
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What does iodine do?
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Aids in the development and function of thyroid & prevention of goiters
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What is TSH produced by?
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anterior pituitary gland
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The pituitary gland is regulated by the _____.
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hypothalamus
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____ stimulates the release of TSH.
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TRH
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Low levels of TSH produce ____ of the thyroid and _____.
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enlargement, hypothyroidism
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What can untreated hypothyroidism lead to?
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retarded growth, decreased mental activity & body temp.
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What is severe hypothyroidism in adults called?
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myxedema
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Myxedema is more common in ____.
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women
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What can hypothyroidism be due to?
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thyroid failure or diseases of the hypothalamus/pituitary
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Increased production of TSH causes thyroid _____ & _____.
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enlargement & hyperthyroidism
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What can hyperthyroidism cause?
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increased metabolic rate, elevated body temp, nervousness, rapid heartbeat & loss of weight
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Hyperthyroidism is most often associated with ____ disease.
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Grave's
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Protruding, bulging eyes from thyroid enlargement is called ____.
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exophthalmos
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What type of transducer would you use for a thyroid scan?
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A linear array 7.5-15 MHz transducer
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What is the sonographic appearance of the thyroid?
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homogeneous, med-high level echoes
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Thyroid lobes are ____ to muscle.
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hyperechoic
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Lobes should be similar is ____ & ____.
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size & shape
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The ____ lobe of the thyroid may be slightly larger than the ____ left.
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right, left
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The approximate size of the thyroid is ____ in length & ____ in width.
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5 cm length, 2 cm in width
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Where do the carotid & internal jugular lie in relation to the thyroid?
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lateral and slightly posterior
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A normal variant of the thyroid is the ____ ____.
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pyramidal lobe
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The pyramidal lobe is ____ shaped, and a super extension of the ____.
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triangular, isthmus
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The pyramidal lobe is more common on the ____ side.
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left
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The pyramidal lobe is seen in ___% of patients & the ____ appears normal.
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15-20%, parenchyma
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Most individuals have ___ pairs of parathyroid glands but there may be as many as ___ & its normal
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2, 6
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The parathyroid glands are ____ long, and ____ wide.
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4 - 6 mm long, 2 - 4 mm wide
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How thick are the parathyroid glands?
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0.5 - 2 mm
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What is the shape of the parathyroid gland?
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oval/bean shaped, or flat/disk shape
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Superior parathyroid glands are almost always located ____ to the ____ 3rd of the thyroid.
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posterior, middle
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Inferior parathyroid glands are ____ to the lower 3rd of the thyroid, but can be found @ level of the ____.
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posterior, isthmus
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An organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity behind the sternum is :
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thymus
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What is the main function of the thymus?
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to provide an area for T-lymphocyte maturation
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The ____ is vital in protecting against auto-immunity.
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thymus
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The thymus shrinks after ____.
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puberty
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T or F. Parathyroid glands are not typically visualized on US.
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True
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If imaged, the normal parathryoid glands should measure less than ____ and are ____ in shape.
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6 mm, oval
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The parathyroid gland is ____ to the thyroid gland.
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isoechoic
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The parathyroid glands are ____ sensing organs and secrete ____.
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calcium, parathyroid hormone
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What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?
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solely to maintain the body's calcium level within a very narrow range, so nervous & muscular systems can function
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The ____ gland regulates the body's metabolism & has no effect on calcium levels.
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thyroid
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The ____ gland regulates calcium levels & has no effect on metabolism.
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parathyroid
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What is the most common indication of the parathyroid glands?
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hypercalcemia
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The ____ ____ muscle appears as a discrete area posterior to the thyroid which may appear as a mass.
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longus colli
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The ____ ____ bundle may also cause confusion when scanning the thyroid.
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minor neurovascular
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What does the minor neurovascular bundle consist of?
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inferior thyroid arterie, and laryngeal nerve
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