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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does nicotine cause in the body?
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depolarizing ganglionic blocker
-initially mimics effects of Ach; initially stimulates then blocks receptors -inhibits functions of the autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 2 toxic principles of tobacco?
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nicotine
-anabasine - teratogin in LG animals |
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What are the main systems affected by tobacco?
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CNS and CV
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What is the onset time of tobacco?
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15-60 minutes
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Where is tobacco poisoning mostly seen?
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puppies and young dogs
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What is the progression of CV signs with tobacco?
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-decrease HR early and then increase with blockade
-weak thready pulse with low BP |
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What are differentials for tobacco?
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strycnine, roquefortine, OPs, Carbs
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What is the progrnosis for tobacco?
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fair to grave
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What is the treatment for tobacco?
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-lavage and give activated charcoal
-ventilate -stabilize HR and BP; fluids and electrolytes -atropine to control over stimulation of PSNS |
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What tree is mistletoe parasitic to?
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oak and walnut
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What color fruit does mistletoe have?
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white berry
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What toxin in mistletoe is a GI irritant?
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phoratoxin (a toxalbumin) similar to castor bean
-biggest problem with ingestion of berries (also in leaves) |
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What toxins in mistletoe are sympathomimetic amines?
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tyramine, choline, and beta-phenylethylamine
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What substance in mistletoe causes smooth muscle stimulation?
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oxytocin like substance (increase BP and RR)
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What are the 3 toxic principles associated with Mistletoe?
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1 - phoratoxin
2 - sympathomimetic amines 3- smooth muscle stimulation |
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What is the main system affected by mistletoe?
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GI
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What is the onset time of mistletoe?
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12-24 hours
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What is the treatment of mistletoe?
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same for cardiac glycosides
- fluids and electrolytes -lavage and activated charcoal -atropine for bradycardia -steroids |
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What is the toxic principle of poinsettia and where is it located?
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-euphorbin, an irritant in the juice or sap (in leaves)
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What is the system affected by poinsettia?
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GI
-irritated oral mucosa in puppies, kittens, birds, and lizards -emesis, diarrhea -also conjunctivitis, keratitis, dermatitis |
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What is the treatment for poinsettias?
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-remove and rinse mouth
-coat GI with demulcent -fluids -bland diet |
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What is the most toxic principle of holly?
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glucosidic saponins
-also has caffeine and theobromine |
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What system does saponins in holly hit?
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GI
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What are the toxic parts in holly?
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all parts
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Is salivation, vomiting, diarrhea in holly toxicosis self-limiting?
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yes
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What mushrooms are group-1 cyclopeptides?
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-amantia phalloides
-galerina spp. -lepiota spp. |
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Most poisionings with cyclopeptides occur with what?
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amanitins mostly (alpha and beta)
-also phalloidins |
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Amanitines are clyclic polypeptide alkaloids that are potent to what organs?
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liver and kidney
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Are amanitins destroyed by stomach acid like phalloidins?
so, are they toxic orally? |
no
yes |
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What do amanitins do?
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inhibit nuclear RNA polymerase II
-inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes leading to cell death |
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What are the systems affected by cyclopeptides?
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GI, liver, kidney
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What type of toxins are amatoxins?
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protoplasmic poisons
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How long does it take for the onset of signs after ingesting cyclopeptide mushrooms?
What are these signs? |
6-12 hours
-GI signs - violent vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, cramps (blood in the stool, serious retching) |
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With cyclopeptide poisionsing, when do GI signs subside, and what takes its place?
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stop after 2-3 days
-at 3-5 days post ingestion, severe Liver and Kidney failure |
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What clin path value will be seriously low with cyclopeptide poisoning?
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HYPOCALCEMIA
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What are differentials for cyclopeptide poisioning?
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blue green algae
cycad palm aflatoxins acetaminophen |
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What drug can you give to reduce Amatoxin uptake?
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Pen G
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What is the treatment for cyclopeptides?
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-emesis and lavage
-multiple doses of activated charcoal (one of the few times you give this much) -fluids and electrolytes -treat for liver insuff -Pen G to reduce uptake of amatoxins |
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What are the group 2 muscarinic mushrooms?
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Amanita muscaria (Fly mushroom)
Inocybe spp Clitocybe spp. |
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Is muscarine degraded by Ach esterase?
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no
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What has the greatest amount of muscarine in the muscarinic mushrooms?
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inocybe and clitocybe >> Amantia for muscarine
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What does muscarine act like?
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Ache
-uncontrolled stimulation since muscarine is not broken down by Ach'ase |
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What is the onset time of muscarinic mushrooms?
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fast, hours (1-4)
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What are the systems hit by muscarinic mushrooms?
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GI, autonomic nervous system
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What are the signs of muscarinic muschrooms?
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SLUD
-miosis and bradycardia |
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What is the treatment for muscarinic mushrooms?
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-early decontamination (AC)
-atropine |
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What muschrooms are in the isoxazoles?
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Amaniita pantherina
Amanita muscaria (Fly mushroom) |
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What are the toxins in isoxazole mushrooms?
Do they cross the BBB? |
ibotenic acid and muscimol
yes |
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What does ibotenic Acid mimic?
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glutamate (excites)
-more difficult because there are mixed signs that are associated with it |
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What is muscimol an agonist of?
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GABA-A
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What system does isoxazoles hit?
What signs are there? |
CNS
-chewing movements, miosis, opisthotonus, seizures, paddling, respiratory depression, coma |
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What is the treatment for isoxazoles?
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-diazepam or barbituates for seizures -- keep ventilated
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What mushrooms are in the psilocybin and Psilosin group 4?
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Psilocybe spp
Paneolus -both hallucinogenic - sacred mushrooms |
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What is the toxic principle of psilocybin?
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psilocybin is metabolized to psilosin (active)
-stimulates 5-HT2 receptors causing hallucinogens - similar to LSD |
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What system is affected by psilocybin and psilosin mushrooms?
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CNS
-ataxia, vocalization, agression, nystagmus, tremors or mild seizures, but no coma, increased HR, RR, and temp |
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What do you give for psilocybin and psilosin toxicosis?
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diazepam and barbituates
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Name in order of toxicity from greatest to least, the cardiac glycosides?
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(1) oleander
(2) Purple Foxglove - common in the garden (3) Lily of the Valley - common in the garden |
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What is the mechanism of action for the cardiac glycosides?
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cause cardiac arrhythmias due to incomplete AV block
-changes Na-K ATP'ase in cell mb |
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What are the systems hit by cardiac glycosides?
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CV, GI
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What is the onset time of cardiac glycosides?
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30 minutes to 3 hours
-GI signs predominate early -CV signs later - pulse becomes rapid and weak as AV block progresses --dropped beats, hypotension, shock, collapse, death |
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What is important to monitor with cardiac glycoside poisioning?
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monitor serum K
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What are pharmologicacl treatments for cardiac glcosides?
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-lidocain or phenytoin for arrythmias
-fluids and electrolytes -digibind for severe cases |
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What brand of marijuana makes up 85% of US product?
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Sinsemilla
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What is the main toxin of marijuana?
Where is it most concentrated? |
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
-flowering tops>flowers>leaves>stems, seeds -female is more toxic |
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What is the mechanism of action of THC?
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has unclear effects on multiple brain neurotransmitters including serotonin, NE and dopamine
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What is the main system hit by THC?
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CNS - depression
-mydriasis - glazed eyes -stupor, comoa |
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What is the treatment for marijuana overdose in dogs?
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-phenothiazine tranqulizer or diazepam for rare hyperesthesia
-prevent extraneous stimuli (bright lights) |
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What is the prognosis for marijuana?
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good to excellent - recovery may take 1-4 days
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What family of plants is responsible for the most calcium oxalate poisionings?
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Araceae Family
Dumb cane/Dieffenbachia is the worst in the group , Philodendrons, monstera and elephant ear, caladium and peace lily, pothos plant, skunk cabage, jack-in-the pulpit |
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What parts of the plant have more Ca oxalate in them?
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all parts are toxic, but more Ca oxalate in stalk than leaves
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How does damage occur with Ca Oxalate plants?
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mechanical damage - from Ca oxalate needles --> rupture of idioblast and swelling of gel matrix by plant sap or saliva sends needle shooting out of cell to imbed in the GI tract
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What does the idioblast (of Ca OXalate plants) look like?
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whip worm eggs
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What is the main system hurt by calcium oxalate plants?
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GI
-dyspnea from larygeal edema -loss of voice -salivation 0head shaking |
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What is the course of action with calcium oxalate plants?
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immediate - 1-14 days
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What is the best guess as to why grapes are toxic?
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tannins
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What are the clinical signs of grapes and raisin toxicity?
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GI and Renal
-VOMIT (initial)/diarrhea -enlarges kidneys with proximal tubular nephrosis and hyaline casts |
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What might clinical pathology data show from grape/raisin toxicity?
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-increased BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium
-urine has hyaline casts and is isothenuric |
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What is the onset time for grape/raisin toxicity?
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6-24 hours
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Name some bulbs that are toxic?
Which are the most toxic of these group? |
tulip, flag, hyacinths, crocus, saffron, amaryllis, daffodil, gladiola, autumn crocus, glory lily
-autumn crocus and glory lily (contain colchicine) |
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What are the main clinical signs associated with bulb toxicosis?
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GI
-vomit/diarrhea, salivation |
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What is the onset time for bulb toxicosis?
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< 1 hour (course usually 1-2 days)
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What are ways to be poisioned by a Christmas tree?
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needles or WATER (more common)
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What is the the pine needles and sap of a christmas tree that leeches into the water reservoir?
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monocyclic carbon alcohols (phenols, pine oil, ect)
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Who is most susceptible to Christmas tree toxicity and why?
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cats - deficient glucuronide conjugation mechanism
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Phenol-like compounds are protoplasmic poisons, which do what?
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denature and ppt proteins
-oxidizers, free radical production |
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What systems are affected by Christmas Trees?
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CNS, liver, GI, renal
-yellow, friable liver, gasteroenteritis, nephrosis possible |
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What animals are lilys most toxic to?
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cats
-less than 1 leaf is considered toxic for a cat |
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What is the onset time for lily toxication?
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-less than 3 hours
-course is 3-7 days and biphasic like NSAIDS |
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What are the major systems affected by lilys?
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GI, renal
-vomiting (6-12 hours) -PU (early 12-24 hours) -dehydration (late, >24 hours) -oliguria (late) |