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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 steps of the traditional four-step process of urban travel demand
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Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode Split, Traffic Assignment
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Trip Generation (inputs, outputs, and models)
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socioeconomic conditions and land use (in), productions/attractions (out) w/linear regression model
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Trip Distribution (inputs, outputs, and models)
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productions/attractions (in), trips (out) w/gravity model
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Mode Split (inputs, outputs, and models)
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trips (in), trips by mode (out) w/Logit Model
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Traffic Assignment (inputs, outputs, and models)
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trips by mode (in), travel time and level of service (out) w/user equilibrium or system optimal
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There are two different types of modal split models identified in the text – what are they?
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Trip-End Models & Trip-Interchange Models
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Define the logit model including a mathematical representation of the model and definitions of each term.
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traveler with a choice tends to choose the travel mode that has the greatest utility
P = e / sigma e equation... |
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Trip-End Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)
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based on assumption that ridership is due to socioeconomic variables "captive" users; use before trips distributed; used for small
communities or in developing countries |
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Trip-Interchange Models, definition, (when should it be used, and why?)
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Logit model, use after trip distribution, looks at multiple socioeconomic factors and trips to determine split
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Trip assignment - Interaction between supply and demand ?
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demand - output from first three steps of process, supply - network (roadway, transit routes) and costs (travel time, distance, tolls)
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user equilibrium
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based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best
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system optimal
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users are assigned to routes so as to minimize the system wide average cost of travel, generally does not yield same result as user equilibrium
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4 traffic assignment techniques outlined in Section 5.4.4 of Meyer & Miller’s text
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minimum path (all-or-nothing), equilibrium assignment, stochastic assignment, dynamic assignment
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minimum path (all-or-nothing)
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all traffic between a given origin and
destination is loaded on the links comprising the minimum path and nothing is loaded on the other links |
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equilibrium assignment
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volume on links change until travel time on links become the same
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stochastic assignment
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user equilibrium, based on the assumption that each individual chooses the route perceived as being the best (i.e., each individual
minimizes or optimizes travel time or cost) |
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dynamic assignment
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similar to user equilibrium, but this method assigns trips over time as well
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incremental assignment methods
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assignment by link or node - assign increment of flow and then update travel times, then assign another increment of flow on new shortest time
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Basics of urban planning theory.
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planner’s objective is not merely to describe the city and its components, but rather to propose ways in which they can be changed,
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3 basic concepts used to describe urban form
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urban form, urban interaction, and urban spatial structure).
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urban form
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the spatial pattern or “arrangement” of
individual elements |
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urban interaction
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collective set of interrelationships, linkages, and flows (i.e., highways and streets)
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urban spatial structure
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Combines the urban form through the urban interaction with a set of
organizational rules into a city system (i.e., rent, density, income) |
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Comprehensive plan, master plan, or general plan:
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An official statement of a geographic unit’s policies and intentions pertaining to physical development in
the years ahead. |
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Guidelines:
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set of implementation techniques
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Legislation:
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Recommendations turned into bills and
enacted into law |
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Codes
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Housing and building codes, for example. Important implementation techniques for ensuring the quality of community growth. Establish
standards. Used at the local municipal level. |
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Zoning:
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Legal device for implementing local land-use plans. Ensures compatibility and controls the densities of certain parts of the community
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Subdivision regulations:
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Regulations that complement the local zoning ordinances. Control the development and change occurring within a community
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Infrastructure
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the life-support facilities of a
geographic unit, like, streets, bridges, sewers, rails, etc. |
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4 specific types of land use models as outlined in Meyer & Miller’s text and the basis for each
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heuristic, simulation, operational, and scenario
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3 values calculated in Hansen's Accessibility Model
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Accessibility index, development potential, and population allocated to a zone
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2 types of assessment to determine transportation impacts on the urban activity system & define
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ex post assessment - evaluate current condition with previous one "before and after"
priori assessment - with and without level of analysis, only uses forecasted data |
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3 levels of decision making outlined for supply analysis.
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Metropolitan-level network analysis for strategic investment, Operational or tactical planning, Scheduling of transportation services
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5 major components of a transportation system and the interaction between these components.
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system user, mode, infrastructure, intermodal connections, stakeholders
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6 performance characteristics and measures used in transportation
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speed, volume, density, capacity, level of service, headway
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4 exclusive right-of-way or guideway operations
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performance, headway, capacity, dwell time
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Shared right-of-way operations (controlled vs. uncontrolled facilities).
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controlled facilities - freeways, uncontrolled - urban
streets and sidewalks |
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5 principles of pedestrian flow
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comfort, convenience, safety, security, economy
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pedestrian flow definition- comfort
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weather protection, climate control, shelters
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pedestrian flow definition- convenience
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walking distances, pathway
directness, grades, sidewalk ramps, signing, maps |
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pedestrian flow definition- safety
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separation of pedestrians from vehicular traffic on the same horizontal plan
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pedestrian flow definition- security
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lighting, open lines of sight, degree of
street activity |
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pedestrian flow definition- economy
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user costs incurred by travel delay
and inconveniences, commercial development influenced by pedestrian activity |
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pedestrian flow concepts (equation)
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pedestrian unit flow rate = peak 15min flow rate / (15 * effective width of sidewalk)
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Network flow analysis (3 ways it can be used)
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used to determine maximum flow through a networkwith links of finite capacity, equilibrium flow through a
network, given a known set of origin-destination patterns, shortest paths between nodes within the network |
