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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism
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All chemical processes taking place within a cell
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Anabolism
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- Energy requiring
- Producing cell Components - biosynthesis - making new structures |
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Catabolism
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- energy yielding
- produces waste products - breaking things down |
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Carbon
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- Heterotroph: carbon from organic carbon sources
- autotroph: carbon from CO2, energy from light or inorganic molecules |
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Calcium
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- not usually an essential nutrient
- stabalizes cell wall - heat stability of endospores |
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Oxygen
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- provided in large amounts in water
- molecular oxygen (O2) sometimes required - energetic needs, terminal electron scepter - obligate aerobes - obligate anaerobes -facultative anaerobes |
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Iron
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- major role in cellular respiration
- most inorganic iron compounds highly insoluble - siderphores (scavenge environment to get iron into cell) |
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Prototroph
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- derives all carbon requirements from the prnciple carbon source
- dont need to add anything - high biosynthetic capacity |
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Auxotroph
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- Requires one or more organic nutrients in addition to the principle source
- need to add something to that medium to make it grow - low biosynthetic capacity |
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Energetics
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- the ability to do work
- chemical energy - change in free energy - negative: exergonic (energy released) - positive: endergonic (energy required) |
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Catalysts
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- lowers activation energy
- increases the rate of reaction - is unchanged - enzymes: biological catalysts |
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Oxidation- Reduction (Redox)
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- oxidation: removal of electrons
- reduction: addition of electrons - transfer of H atoms - redox reactions: e- donor/ e- acceptor - electron donor is energy source - reduction potential (measure agaisnts H2) |
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Electron Carriers
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- two classes
- freely diffusible - catabolism (NAD+/ NADH) - anabolism (NADP+/ NADPH) - attached to enzymes in cytoplasm membrane |
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ATP
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- prime energy carrier
- two high energy P bonds - formed during exergonic reactions - drives endergonic reactions |
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Coenzyme A
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- sulfoanhydride bonds
- important to anaerobic organisms - serves same purpose as ATP |
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Fermentation
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- absence of any added terminal elctron acceptors
- oxidation coupled to reduction of substrate- derived organic compounds - form fermentation products - ATP production: substrate level phosphorylation |
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Respiration
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- O2, some other oxidant is terminal electron acceptor
- oxidation coupled to reduction of electron acceptor - form CO2 - ATP production: oxidative plosphorylation |
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The Proton Motive Force
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- electron transport carries oriented in membrane
- seperation of protons from electrons occur across membrane - protons transported outside cell electrons tansported through chain to cell - electrons passes to final aceptor - generation of pH gradient, electrochemical potential |
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Fts
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- FtsZ proteins mark division plane
- FtsK mediates separation of chromosomes |
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Actin-like proteins
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- specific proteins define bacterial shapes
- significant homology to actin - MreB forms actin-like cytoskeleton - filamentous, spiral shaped bands - coccus is default shape |
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Growth cycle of populations
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- lag phase, slow growth
- exponential phase, cells in healthiest state, fast growth - stationary phase, exponential growth tails off, limiting nutrients, build up of waste products, no net increase or decrease, cryptic growth, sur genes - death phase |
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Measurement of growth
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- direct microscopic count: counting chambers, quick
- viable count: plate count, colony count, dilutions, select for different populations - turbidometric methods: measures turbidity caused by a cell suspension, measure unscattered light, quick easy |
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Compatible Solutes
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- compounds used to adjust internal solute concentration to obtain water
- osmotic groups defined by ability to produce/ accumulate compatible solutes - non inhibitory to cell |