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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychological Perspectives
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Behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary
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Behavioral Psychologists
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John B. Watson, Ivav Pavlov, BF Skinner
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Behavioral Premise
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Only observable events can be studied scientifically
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Psychoanalytic Psychologists
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Freud, Jung, Adler
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Psychoanalytic Premise
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Unconscious motives and experiences in childhood govern personality and mental disorders
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Humanistic Psychologists
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Carl Rogers, Maslow
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Humanistic Premise
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Humans are free, rational beings with potential and room for personal growth; we are different from animals
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Cognitive Psychologists
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Piaget, Noam, Chomsky, Herbert Simon
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Cognitive Premise
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Human behavior can't be understood until you examine how people acquire, store and process information
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Biological Psychologists
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Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Torsten, Wiesel
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Biological Premise
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Behavior and function can be explained by body structures and biochemical processes
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Evolutionary Psychologists
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Buss, Daly, Wilson Leda, Cosmides, Tooby
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Evolutionary Premise
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Behavior patterns are evolved to solve adaptive problems, natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
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Wilhelm Wundt
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1879 set up the first psych lab in Leipzig; established the first psychology journal, decided psychology's focus was conscious experience
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G Stanley Hall
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Established US's first psych research lab at Johns Hopkins U
Launched US's first psych journal Established American Psychological Association |
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Structuralism
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Nurtured by Edward Titchener; believes the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness to its basic elements and investigate how these elemeents are related; focused on sensation and perception, big on introspection
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William James
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Influenced by Darwin's theories--> therefore suggested consciousness is OUR special trait, so let's research its function; coined idea of stream of consciousness
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Functionalism
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Believed psychology should investigate the PURPOSE of consciousness; focused on how people adapted to the world around them; WINS over structuralism
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Mary Calkins
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First woman president of APA
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Freud
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founded psychoanalysis; discovered the unconscous
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John B. Watson
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Behaviorism; tried to redefine psychology as the science of observable behavior so psychology could have verifiability; increased amount of animal research
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What percent work in applied settings?
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63%
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What percent work in teaching and research?
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28%
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BF Skinner
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super behaviorist, claimed mental events couldn't be studied scientifically; asserted that all behavior was governed by external stimuli-- FREE WILL IS A LIE
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Ivan Pavlov
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Conditioning; creating stimulus-response bonds
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Applied Psychology
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using psychology in everyday life; serving the public, practical problems; includes clinical psychology
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Clinical Psychology
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First practical branch; concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems/disorders; exploded during WWII; broke off to form APS from APA
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Piaget
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Studied children's cognitive development
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Roger Sperry
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Biological psychologist, discovered the differences between right and left sides of brain
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David Buss
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Evolutionary Psychologist
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Psychology Definition
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science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive processes that underlies it; applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
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Developmental Psychology
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How humans develop
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Social Psychology
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Interpersonal behavior and social forces that influence it; attitude, prejudice, conformity, relationships
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Experimental Psychology
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Sensation, perception, learning, experiments
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Physiological Psychology
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examine influence of genetic factors on behavior
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Cognitive Psychology
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Higher mental processes
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Personality Psychology
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describing/understanding people's consistency in behavior
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Psychometrics
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Measuring behavior and capacities
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Clinical Psychology
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evaluation, diagnosis, treatment of psychological disorders
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Psychiatrists
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Clinical psychologists with medical degree
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Counseling
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family, marital, career; everyday life
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Educational/School
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improve curriculum design, testing, teacher training
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Industrial Organizational
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business & industry, running HR departments, improve staff morale, increase job satisfaction
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Critical thinking
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Make good choices; problem solving; logic; analyze; cognitive component (knowledge of skills), emotional component (attitude or disposition of thinker); can't be taught on your own
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Goals of Scientific Enterprise
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measurement and description; understanding and prediction, application and control
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3 Scientific Experiment Approaches
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Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental
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Descriptive Stats
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used to organize and summarize data (ie mean, median, mode, variability, correlation)
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Inferential Stats
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Interpret Data, draw conclusions, check statistical significance of information
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Only neurotransmitter that goes to motor neurons and voluntary muscles; contributes to memory, arousal, attention
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Agonists
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chemical that mimics action of a neurotransmitter and releases PSPs
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Antagonists
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BLOCK area of reception
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Monoamies
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Regulates daily behavior: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin
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Dopamine (DA)
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Controls voluntary movements; lack of which causes Parkinson's; could cause schizophrenia; blocked by cocaine
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Norepinephrine (NE)
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has a role in depression
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Serotonin
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regulates sleep and wakefulness and eating behavior
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GABA
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amino acids; only inhibitory PSP; regulates anxiety
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Endorphines
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ie morphine and endorphines; internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates-- HAPPYYYY
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Peripheral Nervous System
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made up of anything outside brain and spinal cord; includes somatic and autonomic
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Somatic Nervous System
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Part of PNS; nerves connecting voluntary muscles to sensory receptors (reflexes, mostly conscious)
Afferent Nerves: information TO CNS Efferent Nerves: information AWAY from CNS |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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made up of nerves connecting heart, blood vessels, glands; controls automatic operations; consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Division
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branch of autonomic that mobilizes body resources for emergencies!
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Parasympathetic Division
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branch of ANS that conserves bodily resources
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EEG
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monitors electrical activity of the brain over time by means of electrodes connected to your scalp-- BRAINWAVES
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Lesioning
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destroying a part of the brain to see its effect
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ESB (electrical stimulation of brain)
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sending a weak current to activate certain brain structures
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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temporarily enhance or depress brain activity in a specific area of the brain; like a temporary lesion; can't go too deep, too bad.
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CT scan (computerized tomography)
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Brain imaging; CPU enhanced X Ray of brain structure; least expensive; to see abnormalities in brain structure for mental illnesses
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PET Scan (positron emission tomography)
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examine brain function and map activities over time by tagging certain radioactive chemicals to watch what happens when certain tasks are performed
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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map out brain structure, better than CT scans
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FMRI
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monitor blood and oxygen flow to the brain to ID areas of high activity
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Hindbrain
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Medulla, Pons, cerebellum, reticular formation
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Medulla
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attaches brain to spinal cord, controls unconscious functions
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Pons
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Bridge on frontside of stem; fibers that connects brainstem to cerebellum; helps with sleep and arousal
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Cerebellum
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little brain; coordinates movement and balance; first to depress with alcohol
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Reticular Formation
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also goes through midbrain, central core of brainstem, modulation of reflexes, breathing and pain perception; sleep and arousal
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Midbrain
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Contains area that integrates sensory processes like hearing and seeing, originating here is the system of dopamine-realizing neurons; voluntary movements; reticular formation
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Forebrain:
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Thalamus, Hypothalamus, limbic system
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Thalamus
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POST OFFICE. (minus smell. No one likes it).
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Hypothalamus
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4 F's; controls autonomic system; links brain to the endocrine system
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Limbic System
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includes hypo/thalamus, hippocampus; edge of cortex and deeper areas of brain
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Cerebrum
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outer layer, 2 halves; lobes
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Corpus Callosum
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separates 2 halves, fiber fissure
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Occipital Lobe
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back of head; vision
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Parietal Lobe
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Forward of O lobe; registers touch
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Temporal
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Auditory, near temples; language capabilities
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Frontal Lobe
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largest; controls movement; prefrontal cortex (the front part of Frontal Lobe) contains higher order functions
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Broca's Area
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Production of speech, left of frontal lobe
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Wernicke's Area
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in temporal lobe; comprehension of language
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