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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define OSHA |
Occupational Safety & Health Administration; enforce federal laws that help to ensure a safe workplace for American workers
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Main objectives of the OSHA
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educating employees about inherent risks of their jobs; providing employees with appropriate safety equipment; training employees in safety procedures and the proper use of safety equipment
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Workplace hazards
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bend with the knees, not the back; wet floors; never block exits;
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How employees can avoid workplace hazards
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close-toe shoes; no jewelry; know the building: all the safety equipment locations, etc.
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List and describe the leadership's duties
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providing safe work environment for employees; comply with laws and regulations pertaining to safety and health by establishing safety procedures for the hospital; enforce safety rules; providing practice specific safety training
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List employees rights and responsibilities
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bring concerns to the attention of the employer without fear of reprisal; learn and follow safety rules and practices that have been established; comply with all OSHA standards, rules, regulations, and orders issued under the act; wear and use PPE
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List animal hazards to employees
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biting, scratching; noise in kennels;
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How to prevent animal hazards to employees
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Learn and practice proper animal restraint; wear ear plugs in the kennel;
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Proper procedures for universal precautions in the work place with respect to blood-borne pathogens and sharps
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always keep sharps and needles capped until ready to use; do not attempt to recap after use unless physical danger cannot be prevented;
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list zoonotic diseases & parasites that vet tech might be exposed to
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viral infections such as rabies; bacterial infections; lyme disease; fungal infections; and internal parasites such as: larval migrans, protozoal infections, and external parasites
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Explain dangers of Toxoplasmosis to pregnant women and list ways to avoid potential exposure
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it can cause hydrocephalus and mental retardation to the human fetus; this is shed in the feces of infected cats
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Describe method of recapping a needle using the "one-hand" technique
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Place cap on flat surface; use one hand and hold the syringe between the tips of the fingers and the needle pointing away from your body; place fingertips on flat surface so the needle and the syringe are parallel to and in line with the cap and move hand forward until needle inside head; then use other hand to "seat" cap firmly
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list ways to handle and dispose of sharps
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entire needle and syringe should be disposed of in the designated sharps container immediately after use; do not overfill sharp container
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Explain concerns in safely handling chemotherapy drugs
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always wear powder-free chemo gloves and a disposable gown not used for any other purpose; the drugs should always be prepared inside a biological safety cabinet; expect the unexpected
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describe workplace hazards associated with noise
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noise levels in dog wards can get as high as 110 dB; exposure to these high noise levels for extended periods of time can cause hearing damage; must wear personal hearing protection
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describe workplace hazards associated with bathing & dipping
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products used can be harmful for the health; always replace caps to prevent spillage; use ventilation fan to keep the fumes from shampoos and dips at a safe level; know where eyewash station is
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describe workplace hazards associated with zoonotic diseases
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diseases that can be passed from animals to humans or vice versa; can be exposed by inhalation, contact with broken skin, ingestion, contact with eyes and mucous membranes, and accidental inoculation by a needle
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describe workplace hazards associated with dentistry
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high-speed and ultrasonic scaler aerosolize oral microbes
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describe workplace hazards associated with radiology
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long term exposure is linked to many medical disorders and GI and bone marrow disorders that can be fatal; high-dose exposure can cause skin changes, cell damage; always wear lead apron, gloves, collars, and glasses; must have and use an individual dosimetry badge
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describe workplace hazards associated with anesthesia
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exposure to waste gases not metabolized by the patient; long term exposure to waste gas links to congenital abnormalities in children, spontaneous abortions, and liver and kidney damage
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describe workplace hazards associated with compressed gases
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improper storage or handling of compressed gas cylinders; store cylinders in dry, cool place away from potential heat sources such as furnaces, water heaters, and direct sunlight; always secure in upright position by chain or strap
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describe workplace hazards associated with sharps & medical waste
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physical trauma (& possible bacterial infection) caused by a puncture or laceration
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describe workplace hazards associated with exposure to hazardous drugs
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all medicines are chemicals; liquids can splash; vapors can be inhaled; crushed tablet residue on hands can be ingested
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Describe basic first aid and emergency response procedures for a vet facility
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know your clinic; clean up after yourself; dress appropriately; save your back; everything in its place; fire and evactuation - know where all exits and extinguishers are
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Explain indications for restraint and its potential effect on an animal
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to control an animal so it can receive medical care; to prevent animal from harming itself while receiving medical care; to protect personnel; proper restraint may allow humans to save a sick animal's life;
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Describe animal perception and behavior
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animals know where they are going and use past experiences and react accordingly as soon as they see the parking lot or enter the door of the practice
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Explain how animals use their senses to learn about their environment
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continuously observe everything around them; sounds (human voices and voices of other pets), smells, movements, and postures are all evaluated and interpreted; reaction to direct contact is modified by how they have interpreted the situation up to that point
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Agnostic behaviors of animals to include types of aggressive behaviors
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dominant and subordinate role; fear-related aggression; conflict-related; food-related; idiopathic; inter-dog; irritable; maternal; pain-related; play-related; possessive; predatory; redirected; social status/dominance; territorial
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conflict-related aggression
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aggression toward people, often over resources and in similar contexts as dominance aggression, but with the dog showing ambivalent visual cues
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fear-related aggression
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aggression displayed when the dog perceives a threat; demonstrates fearful body postures and possibly physiologic signs
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food-related aggression
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demonstrated only in the presence of food, bones, rawhides, human food, or other high-value food items
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idiopathic aggression
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unpredictable and severe and occurs in the absence of stimuli that would allow the aggression to be categorized otherwise
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inter-dog (male/male) aggression
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fear of strange dogs, or may be related to hormonal influences when it occurs between two intact male dogs
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irritable aggression
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aggression that can be similar to pain-related but that may occur simply because a dog is tired or is just not desiring interaction
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maternal aggression
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typical of a female attempting to prevent access to her offspring
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pain-related aggression
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similar to fear-related, dog may be aggressive because of discomfort, pain ,or fear of pain
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play-related aggression
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typical of play and usually nonaffective
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possessive aggression
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demonstrated in the presence of any high-value resource
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predatory aggression
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consistent hunting; quiet, staring, and stalking with tail twitching and body lowered
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redirected aggression
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toward a nearby individual that occurs when an animal is highly emotionally aroused
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social status/dominance aggression
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toward people in an attempt to acquire or maintain resources
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territorial aggression
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demonstrated only in a particular, circumscribed area when approached by a perceived threat
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describe typical behavior of the horse in aggression and avoidance
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protecting something such as foals; pinning ears; pawing at the ground; snorting; lunging forward; and turning the head quickly and biting;
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describe typical behavior of the dog in aggression and avoidance
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head held low; gaze averted to the side; raised hair; ears down; tail straight out; ominous snarl or groul
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describe typical behavior of the cat in aggression and avoidance
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leaning back; ears down; vocalized noises; batting; flicking of tails
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define ethology
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the study of animal behavior
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define restraint
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defined as control of an animal for the purpose of examination or treatment
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various degrees of restraint
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physical restraint; diversionary restraint; chemical restraint
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physical restraint
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this includes the use of halters and lead ropes (horses), muzzles (dogs), cat bags or towels and masks (cats)
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diversionary restraint
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uses varying techniques or devices to distract animals; manual (tapping, blowing, etc.) or mechanical (twitch for horses, blanket for cats, etc.)
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chemical restraint
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the use of specific drugs to achieve the appropriate level of restraint for the protection of all involved (sedatives)
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explain procedures for catching cats
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close doors and windows; cover the cat with a towel or blanket or use leather gloves; cat bag; masks; chemical restraint; cat lasso
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explain procedures for catching dogs
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muzzles; leather gloves; rope leashes; catch pole; towels and blankets; movement-limiting devices
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describe proper restraint techniques in the dog and cat for jugular venipuncture
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remove the collar and leash; move dog as close to the end of table as possible; place the dog in sternal recumbency and move the hand that is restraining the dog's head so it is under the mandible, curling the fingers around the mandible; tilt the head back toward the ceiling and slightly toward shoulder; bring other hand around the shoulders to help keep the dog in sternal recumbency and grasp its front feet to keep from pawing the venipuncturist
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describe proper restraint techniques in the dog and cat for cephalic venipuncture
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(for left venipuncture); place dog in sternal restraint so the dog's left side is away from the restrainer and the front legs are at the end of the table; keep body close to yours; encircle the dog's head with the right arm and turn it away from your partner; place left hand behind dog's left elbow so it sits in your palm and extend the leg out; place thumb on medial aspect of the dog's limb, closing down with the thumb and rolling the hand laterally
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describe proper restraint techniques in the dog and cat for saphenous venipuncture
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place in lateral recumbency; one hand holds onto front legs and pins neck to the table; grasp the rear leg in the area just distal to the stifle joint and squeeze; push the leg out to extend it
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describe a proper general exam for the cat and dog
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analyze the animal's mentation (BAR?); TPR; review each of the systems and make sure everything is normal
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dog temperature
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100.0-102.2 degrees F
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Dog heart rate
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60-160 bpm
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Dog respiratory rate
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16-32 bpm
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Cat temperature
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100-102.2
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Cat heart rate
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140-220 bpm
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Cat respiratory rate
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20-42 bpm
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pulse deficit
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absence of a palpable pulse or significant change in pulse quality with an audible heartbeat
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Describe eye and ear exams of cats and dogs
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examine eyelids and visual status; any ocular discharge? everything is normal; examine ears visually and palpation of the pinnae;
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Describe oral medication administration of cats and dogs
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liquid, capsule, or tablet form; liquids should be through a dropper or syringe; tablets and the contents of capsules can be mixed with a small volume of food, water, or flavored liquid; animal not medicated by food can be done by tilting its head back, prying open the jaws, and placing the pill far back on the base of the tongue
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Describe SubQ injections for the cat and dog
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preferred site is dorsolateral region from the neck to the hips; when injected, a fold of skin is tented, and the needle is inserted at the base of and parallel to the long axis of the fold
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Describe IM injections for the cat and dog
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give the drug within the muscle; some drugs cause pain via IM; aspirate by pulling back on the plunger of the syringe to verify the syringe is not injecting directly into a blood vessel
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Describe IV injections for the cat and dog
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shorter duration of activity; larger volumes can be given; increased risk of adverse effects; drug must be pure, sterile, and free of particles; must be water soluble
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Knots
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intertwining of one or two ropes in which the pressure of the standing part of the rope alone prevents it from slipping
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Hitches
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temporary fastening of a rope to a hook, post, or other object, with the rope arranged so that the standing part forces the end against the object with sufficient pressure to prevent slipping
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Standing part of rope
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longer strand of rope and usually is attached to an animal
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End of rope
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Shorter strand of the rope; strand often maniuplated
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Bight of the rope
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sharp end in the rope
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Half hitch
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a complete circle formed in the rope
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throw of the rope
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complete circle in rope; can open toward or away from you
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overhand knot
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to form this, make a half hitch and bring the end through the resulting loop
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technique for IM injections: semi muscles
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isolate muscle group, grasp with on hand, or place thumb in groove behind bicep, swab with alcohol ball; insert needle into semiendinosus muscle on caudal aspect of muscle to avoid siatic nerve
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technique for IM injections: epaxial muscles
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isolate spinal column in lumbar region; place thumb on ilium of pelvis & pinkie behind last rib, find midpoint with forefinger; move away from spine (about an inch laterally) and isolate muscle group b/t fingers and thumb; swab and insert needle perpendicular to muscle
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sites for SubQ injetions
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lateral region of body; from shoulder to hips: shoulder, flank, & over rear legs most common; AVOID dorsal region of neck and back
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What region should be avoided when injecting vaccines into cats?
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intrascapular region because a sarcoma can come up and only way to get rid of it is to amputate; not curable
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technique for SQ injection
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make tent with fold of skin, swab with alcohol ball; insert needle parallel to body at base of tent; aspirate; inject smoothly and remove needle; massage area
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topical medications
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these are applied to skin surface or through mucous membranes
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administration of eye medications
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evert upper or lower eyelid with one hand to open eye wide; hold bottle/tube from above eye; place drops or ribbon of ointment medial to lateral onto cornea or sclera and avoid the lashes; close eyelid and rub to distribute
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administration of aural medication
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clean debris from ear before medicating for better absorption; pull pinna upward with one hand; place tip of dispenser in external ear canal and squeeze; massage base of ear to distribute medication, watch for shaking of head
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administration of tablets and capsules - canine
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raise head slightly; grasp maxilla behind canines to open mouth; with pill between finger and thumb, place pill at base of tongue; quickly push down with 1-2 fingers; close mouth and rub neck gently or blow in face until swallows; can hide the meds in small amount of food
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administration of tablets and capsules - feline
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grasp head with two fingers behind ears & finger and thumb at angle of jaw, raise head high, open mouth wide and squeeze in at angle of jaw to keep mouth open; with pill between finger and thumb, place pill at base of tongue; quickly push down with forefinger while keeping mouth open; close mouth and rub neck gently or blow in face until swallows
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administration of oral liquids
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measure amt in syringe or dropper; raise head slightly, hold muzzle in one hand; place tip of dispenser in lateral cheek pouch; squeeze plunger/bulb slowly and allow to swallow as administered
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Parasite
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a plant or animal that lives on or in another living organism at the expense of that hot; ex: hooks and roundworm
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ectoparasite
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a parasite that lives on the surface of the host's body; ex: scabes, demodex, mites, etc.
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Mites
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these live on the host continuously; they infect other animals by contact; host specific; life cycles differ: burrow or superficial mites
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sarcoptes scabiei
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also called scabes; scrape to find; zoonotic; burrow into the skin to lay eggs
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demodex spp
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hereditary; also called demodex; burrow down and may enter the blood stream; common around eyes and the muzzle
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notoedres cati
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common in cats; head of cats & burrow under the skin like eggs
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otodectes cynotis
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ear mites; most found under microscope
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supplies needed to prepare a skin scrape
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scalpel blade, mineral oil, microscope slide
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how to prepare a skin scraping
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hold blade edge against skin, scrap skin, hair & blood; place on slide with mineral oil; examine under microscope
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how to prepare an ear mite smear
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prepare slide with mineral oil; remove debris from ear with cotton tip applicator; roll swab onto slide in oil; break applicator stick and scrape off any remaining debris; examine under microscope
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yeast
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animals are usually resistant; found in ears and on skin; stained by Dif Quik
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how to prepare a slide for yeast
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swab affected area with cotton tip applicator; roll swab onto slide; heat fix; stain with methylene blue (will also see bacteria)
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Signalment
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Collecting age, sex, and breed information
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canine pulse
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70-180 bpm
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canine temp.
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100-102.5 F
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horse pulse
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20-40 bpm
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"parental" route of a drug
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given by any route other than GI (oral)
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"non-parental" route of a drug
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given through GI tract (oral)
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vomiting animals
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these animals cannot absorb drugs given orally
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IV injections
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rapid absorption; used for drugs or fluids that must reach high blood levels rapidly; used for drugs that are irritating to tissue;aqueous solutions; used for drugs difficult to absorb by other routes
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Cephalic and lateral saphenous
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Frequently used IV sites K-9
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cephalic, medial saphenous, and femoral
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frequently used IV sites feline
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jugular; jugular catheter is recommended
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frequently used IV sites for domestic species
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technique for IV injection
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occlude vein proximally with digital pressure or tourniquet
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Intramuscular injections
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these are used for small volumes, absorbed slower than Iv but faster than SQ; water-based solution or oil-based solution; long duration of action, often painful; cannot administer drugs irritating to tissue
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semimemranosus & semitendinosus "hamstring muscles"; epaxial muscles - lumbosacral area lateral to spine;
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frequently used IM sites for dogs and cats
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Subcutaneous injections
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most common route for vaccine administration; slower absorption rate than IM; longer duration of action than IM; not recommended for severe dehydration or critically ill patients when immediate absorption is required for fluid administration;isotonic fluids; do not administer solutions irritating to tissues
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Recommendations for cats
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Right flank = FVRCP; RR = rabies; LR = FeLv
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Recommendations for dogs
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Left Flank = DA2PP, RR=rabies; LR= bordetella or intranasal
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jugular, transverse facial, medial saphenous, cephalic
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frequently used IV sites for venipuncture or injection on equine
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Equine IM injection sites
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lateral cervical muscles, pectorals, semitendinosus & semimembranosus; Avoid gluteal muscles; neck muscles: bordered by nuchal ligament, cervical spine, & scapula; swab site w/ alcohol
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Equine SQ injection sites
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most common site: lateral neck or trunk (bovine); needle size depends on thickness of meds |
