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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's a DNase I hypersensitive site |
Its where chromatin is cleaved to relax its structure to makes DNA accessible (about 1 kilobase upstream of a transcriptionally active gene) |
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Histones... |
Regulate gene expression by reducing the rate of transcription |
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Promoter |
A DNA sequence located near the start of a gene that RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription |
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Repressor |
A transcription factor that prevents mRNA synthesis by binding to the operator of a gene |
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Insulator |
A transcriptional element that blocks the signal between enhancers and promoters |
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Regulatory Gene |
A gene that controls the expression of one or more genes by promoting or inhibiting transcription |
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Inducer |
A small molecule that activates transcription by inhibiting the action of a repressor protein |
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Operator |
A short sequence of DNA located near the promoter region that is recognized by repressor protein |
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What is more common in eukaryotes activators or repressors |
Activators |
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What are transcription factors composed of |
Amino acids |
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What do inducers do |
Find activator proteins enhance the ability of the activator to bind DNA also allows transcription of specific genes. |
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What alternative RNA splicing do? |
Determines which proteins are produced from each gene |
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miRNA AKA micro RNA |
Caries information for the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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How can micro RNA's regulate gene expression |
It can prevent translation by binding to mRNA and degrading the mRNA strand |
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How is an epigenetic change different from a mutation |
A mutation Alters the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. An epigenetic change does not alter the DNA sequence but it can be inherited by daughter cells |
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Types of epigenetic modifications |
Methylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation |
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What base is more likely be methylated in human DNA |
Cytosine |
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Transcription |
The process where the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA |
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Translation |
Where the protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of mRNA |
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MRNA AKA messenger RNA |
It carries the genetic message from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein-making Machinery in the cytoplasm |
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Which way does RNA primase go |
And the five Prime end to 3 Prime |
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Sigma Factor |
Controls The Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
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Promoters |
DNA sequences that tell RNA polymerase location to initiate RNA synthesis |
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Acetylation of histones |
DNA can be used / loosened |
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Core promoters |
For the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind basically always has a ta ta box |
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Regulatory promoter |
Allow cells to express certain genes high levels in response to specific signals |
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Enhancers |
DNA sequences that function to enhance transcription can be found anywhere in DNA |
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Collinearity |
When the number of nucleotides in and she is proportional to the number of Amino acids in the protein mainly in bacteria and most viruses but not eukaryotes |
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MRNA |
Template for protein synthesis |
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Primary structure |
Amino of sequence of amino acids |
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Secondary structure |
How polypeptide is coiled or folded |
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Tertiary structure |
Overall 3 dimensional shape of the protein |
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Quaternary structure |
Shape of the structure formed by interactions between different polypeptides |
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Synonymous codons |
Codons that specify the same amino acid |
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Wobble |
Base pairing rules are relaxed at the third position of a codon |
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Where do Amino acids bind to TRNA |
3 Prime end |
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Where's the shine dalgarno sequence found |
MRNA |
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Elongation |
When amino acids are joined together |
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Histones |
Small positively charged proteins and they bind to negatively charged phosphates of DNA |
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nucleosome |
DNA wrapped around the histone octamer |
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DNA methylation |
Makes it so DNA cannot be read |