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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cities and Urban Areas |
-Aggregated settlement of relatively high population size and density -Internally structured -50,000 or more people |
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Megacities |
Over 10 million people |
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Functions of Cities |
Wholesale, retail, and other professional services Economic hub |
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U.s. Census Definition of Urban Area |
A continuously built up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a certain city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas. |
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U.S. census definition of Core Based Statistical Areas |
-County or counties plus adjacent/outlying counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county -Functionally connected to a certain area i.e. commuting flows, shopping, or economic conurbation -fused urban centers Ex. the bay area |
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Megalopolis |
Large heavily populated area or urban complex |
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Historical Origins of Urban areas |
-Agriculture began urbanization with the cultivation of constant food supplies at a fixed location -Accumulation of material artifacts and possessions -Stratified societies -Control of water for irrigation -The ability to access, store, and move water. |
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Worldwide Urbanization Trend |
-The population of people in the world that are living in urban areas is growing -Developed countries are most urbanized -Developing countries are urbanizing at a faster rate |
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Todays largest cities |
Tokyo, Delhi, Soa Paulo, Mumbai, Mexico City, New York, Shanghai, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi |
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Rank-size rule |
A cities population = 1/nth of the largest cities population where N is the rank of the cities population |
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Primate Cities |
One very dominant city within a country |
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Christaller's Central Place tTheory |
-Order of commodities, and thus of central places. -Different commodities have different ranges -Different commodities have different thresholds of market areas |
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Commodity Range (CPT) |
Distance people are willing to travel for a certain commodity |
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Commodity Threshold |
The minimum area or population required to support it. |
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Settlements (Central places) |
Places begin as settlements and as they grow economically settlements may come together and urbanize |
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Hinterlands |
The rural market area or region served by an urban center |
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Market area tessellation |
Regular markets are polygons |
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Regular market area polygons |
There is a central area that is the larges and then central places that offer fewer goods around the perimeter then there are c areas that are more closely spaces and therefore are smaller and have many of the sam goods as the other areas but with less selection. |
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Hierarchical Nesting of Central Places |
-Central places have more money -Orders of central places and their commodities -A ranking of cities based on their size and functional property |
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Effect of Accessibility and Land Value on the Internal Structure of Cities
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Mose accessible locations demand high rent |
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Intensive and Extensive Land Use |
Areas in the core of the city are used more intensively while areas farther out are used extensively. |
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Central Business District |
The nucleus or downtown of a city. Where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high. |
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Distance Decay |
The declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of origin.
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Cost of Land & Population Density |
-Most accessible locations demand highest rent -Distance decay of land rent from center -Commercial band -Intensive residential -Residential -Agriculture -Low population at the center |
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Pattern of Population Density in cities |
-The population goes up in old crowded housing, 2 miles from the central business district -Its a curve with the lowest population the farthest from cities in the suburbs -As you move out there are more densely populated areas towards the center -Population goes down toward residential and suburban areas |
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Modal Ring Shift |
Happens when one mode (ex road) has an advantage in a market over another mode. People will shift from using one mode to another. |
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Urban Land-use/Social Demographic patterns |
Mass transit, accessibility, a competitive market, and innumerable individual residential, commercial, and industrial location areas. The result is a high density city with a single dominant center and sharp break at the boundary between urban and non urban uses |
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Concentric Zone Model |
-Central business district, wholesale light manufacturing, low-class, medium class, high class, heavy manufacturing |
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Sector Model |
In sectors (wedges) rather than rings with low class being close to the Central business district and manufacturing while high class areas are surrounded by other residential areas and has one connection to the business district. |
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Multiple Nuclei Model |
In separate nuclei, most like modern cities, high class areas further out from the center and not connected to or near manufacturing. |
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Urban Realms Model |
A spatial generalization of the large, late twentieth century city in the US. It is shown to be widely dispersed, multi-centered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the central business district. |
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Suburbanization |
Movement from the center |
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Problems of Suburbanization |
Cars and the east of transit made it easier for people to work in the city but still live in suburbs |
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Role of Transit in Suburbanization |
Cars and the ease of transit made it easier for people to live in the city but still live in suburbs |
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Reasons for Post WWII Increase in US suburbanization |
Ascendency of the automobile, reduction of work week, flight of industry to cheaper periphery, government sponsored housing loans, baby boom, new values and attitudes. |
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Gentrification |
A counter suburbanization trend The process of renewal of rebuilding, it accompanies an influx of affluent people into deteriorating areas |
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Demographic inversion |
A counter suburbanization trend An increase in movement by middle and upper class back into the city center. |
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Edge Cities |
Suburbs that have become their own cities, no longer just bedroom communities, New CBD's form urban realms, cities become polynucleated centers organized around freeway networks, continued decline and decay of the original CBD; continues decentralization of employment |
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Exurbia |
-Distant or isolated suburbs |
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Slums |
A densley populated usually urban area marked by crowding, dirty run-down housing, poverty, and social disorganization |
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UN definition of SLum |
inadequate access to safe water Inadequate access to sanitation and infrastructure Poor structural quality of housing Overcrowding Insecure residential status |