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356 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Urinary System Functions?
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-Filtering Of Blood
-Regulation -Vitamin D (calcitriol) synthesis |
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testes
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primary sex organ in males which produces gametes, i.e., the sperm
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What is the anatomical location of kidneys?
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-lie behind peritoneum (retroperitoneal) on posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebral column
-partially protected by the lumbar vertebrae and rib cage -right kidney slightly lower than left |
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gubernaculum testis
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cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extends from the inferior part of each testis to the posterior wall of a small pocket of peritoneum
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External Anatomy of Kidneys: Renal capsule
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-fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney
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spermatic cord
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composite structure that consists of layers of fascia, tough connective tissue and muscle enclosing the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics supplying the testes
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External Anatomy of Kidneys: Perirenal fat
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-engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning
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inguinal hernia
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protrusion of a loop or portion of the visceral abdominal contents through the inguinal canal
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External Anatomy of Kidneys: Renal Fascia
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-thin layer loose connective tissue
-anchors kidneys and surrounding adipose to abdominal wall |
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contents of the spermatic cord
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ductus deferens (vas deferens)
testicular artery pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves cremaster muscle |
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External Anatomy of Kidneys: Hilum
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-where renal artery and nerves enter kidneys
-where renal vein and ureter exit kidneys -opens into renal sinus cavity filled with fat and loose connective tissue |
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cremaster muscle
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continues with abdominal wall, elevates scrotum for temperature regulation
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Internal Anatomy of Kidneys: Cortex
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-outer area
-highly vascular -where blood is filtered to produce filtrate |
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Internal Anatomy of Kidneys: Renal Columns
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-part of cortical tissue that extends into medulla
-lie between the separate renal pyramids and calyces |
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Internal Anatomy of Kidneys: Medulla
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-inner area; surrounds renal sinus
-where drainage begins with the collecting duct |
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tunica vaginalis
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serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and lines the scrotal cavity
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Internal Anatomy of Kidneys: Renal(medullary) Pyramids
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-cone-shaped; base is boundary between cortex and medulla
-apex of pyramid is renal papilla, points to minor calyce |
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dartos muscle
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layer of smooth muscle found within the dermis of the scrotum (tonic contraction causes the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the scrotum)
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The renal medulla is composed of tissue called ______.
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Renal pyramids
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cremaster muscle
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layer of skeletal muscle that lies deep to the dermis (contraction tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body)
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Juxtaglomerular cells combine with _______ cells to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney.
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Macula densa
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cremasteric reflex
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contraction occurs during stimulation of inner thigh, sexual arousal, temp. change (shrinkage)
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Proper kidney blood flow; starting at the renal artery and finishing point at renal vein.
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Arciform artery -Afferent arteriole -Arciform vein
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tunica albuginea
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dense fibrous layer that surrounds the testes-rich in collagen fibers which extend into the testes forming partitions or septa
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The primary function of the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney is?
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The active re-absorption of chloride ions
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The middle layer of the urinary bladder is identified as ___________.
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Submucous coat
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The micturition reflex center is located in the _____.
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Sacral plexus
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seminiferous tubules
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long coiled u-shaped tubes that are distributed among the lobules (site of sperm production)
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Poor output of urine?
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Oliguria
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straight tubule
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single tube that connects the seminiferous tubules to the mediastinum of the testes
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Capillary loops located in the medulla are also known as _________.
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Vasa recta
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rete testis
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series of interconnected tubular passageways within the mediastinum of the testes
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The primary function of the descending loop of Henle in the kidney is?
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Reabsorption of water by osmosis
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What are the parts of the male urethra?
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Prostatic
Membranous Penile |
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interstitial cells
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located in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules-produces testosterone
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When glucose if found in urine it is called _____.
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Glucosuria
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functions of testosterone
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sperm production and maturation, accessory organ maintenance, development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body, and influences brain development by stimulating sexual behavior and drive
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One of the function occurring at the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney is?
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Passive secretion of potassium ions
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gonads
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reproductive organs that produce reproductive cells (gametes) and hormones
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ADH the following effects on the distal convoluted tubule?
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Increases water re-absorption
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reproductive tract
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consists of ducts that receive, store and transport gametes
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Some role's of the kidneys are?
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Release of erythropoietin (hormone) and renin (enzyme),Activate Vitamin D
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accessory glands and organs
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secrete fluids into ducts of the reproductive system or into other excretory ducts
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Each kidney contains approximately ______ nephrons.
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1 million
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spermatogenesis
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process of sperm production that begins in the outermost layers of the seminiferous tubules
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The release of Angiotension II causes what to occur?
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Increased filtration rate
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spermatogonia
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stem cells that are dormant until puberty when they begin dividing. at each division one daughter cell remains in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule as an undifferentiated stem cell
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A function of the urinary system is?
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Rid the body of nitrogen-containing waste
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primary spermatocyte
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cell that reaches the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and prepares to begin meiosis
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To do its job, the urinary system has a well-developed ____ _____and a ____ _____ _____.
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vascular network, large blood supply
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secondary spermatocyte
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2 are formed from division of the primary spermatocyte. this is the first step of meiosis
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In a frontal section views of a kidney, the identifiable regions moving laterally to medially are
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Cortex-Medulla-Pelvis
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spermatids
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4 are formed from the division of each secondary spermatocyte
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Accessory gland functions
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1. activate sperm
2. provide sperm nutrients for motility 3. produce buffers to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal contents |
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The length of the male urethra is greater than that of the female urethra is this T/F?
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True
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What are the accessory glands?
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
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spermiogenesis
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process of sperm differentiation that leads to formation of mature sperm
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seminal vesicles
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tubular glands that are coiled and folded into a compact, tapered mass, sandwiched between posterior wall of the bladder and the anterior wall of the rectum, lined by pseudostratified columnar or cuboidal epithelium-extremely secretory. contributes 60% of seminal fluid including prostaglandins, clotting proteins, fructose to activate sperm by providing energy source
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Urinary bladder
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Urine storage
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prostate gland
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small, muscular, rounded gland that encircles prostatic urethra as it leaves urinary bladder. contributes 20-30% of seminal fluid containing seminalplasmin. secretions ejected into prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions. 30-50 tuboalveolar glands wrapped in smooth muscle. simple-pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining
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sustentacular cells
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aka sertoli cells. large cells that are attached to the basement membrane at the tubular capsule
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bulbourethral glands
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small, round paired glands located at base of the penis, lined by simple columnar epithelium, contributes 10% of seminal fluid in the form of a sticky, alkaline mucous to neutralize urinary acids and lubricate tip of penis
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Ureter
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Urine conduit from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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what does semen consist of?
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20-100 million sperm/cubic ml, seminal fluid produced by the glands, enzymes (protease to dissolve mucous secretions in the vagina, and seminalplasmin)
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Functions of sustentacular cells
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maintain blood testes barrier, support spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein
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Urethra
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Urine conduit that drains the urinary bladder
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regions of the penis
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root-attached to pubic bone
body (shaft)-tubular, movable portion consisting of 3 parallel masses of erectile tissue glans- distal end, enlargement of corpus spongiosum |
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When is a spermatid considered a mature spermatozoa (sperm)?
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when they lose their attachment to the sustentacular cells and enter the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
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Renal arteries
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Branches of the aorta that deliver blood to the kidney for filtering
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3 regions of a spermatozoa
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Head-contains densely packed chromosomes and an acrosomal cap
Neck-contains both centrioles of the original spermatid Tail-the only example of a flagellum in the human body |
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Filtration
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Components move from the glomerulus into the lumen of the renal tubule
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Acrosomal cap
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membrane bound, vesicular compartment at the tip of the head that contains enzymes involved with preliminary steps of fertilization
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Ejaculation
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2-5 ml of semen pushed toward external urethral orifice by rhythmic contractions of the ischocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles.
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Re-absorption
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Components move from the lumen of the renal tubule into the peritubular capillary
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Emission
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sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that sweep along the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands mixing components of semen
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Oogenesis
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1. mitosis of oogonium before birth (primary oocyte-diploid)
2. DNA replication before birth 3. Synapsis and tetrad formation in the primary oocyte 4. Meiosis 1 after puberty. polar body dies and one secondary oocyte lives (haploid), ovulated in metaphase of meiosis 2 5. Meiosis 2 begun in tertiary follicle and completed if fertilization occurs, second polar body dies, haploid ovum lives. |
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broad ligament
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extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of pelvic cavity enclosing ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus
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Secretion
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Components move from the peritubular capillary or tubular cells into the lumen of the renal tubule
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ovarian follicles
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structure of the ovary in which oogenesis occurs
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mesovarium
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thickened fold of the broad ligament that attaches to the ovary
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) plays an important role in?
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Regulating systemic blood pressure
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oogonia
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female stem cells, division is completed before birth
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The triangular region of the bladder which is delineated by three urethral orifices is?
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Trigone
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ova
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female gametes
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Wall of the bladder cell type that allows for stretching is?
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Transitional epithelial cells
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ovarian ligament
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extends from the lateral wall of the uterus to the medial surface of the ovary
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primordial follicle
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primary oocyte and surrounding follicle cells
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suspensory ligament
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extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall. ovarian artery and vein travel to and from ovary in this ligament
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Part of the urinary system that carries urine to the body exterior?
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Urethra
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germinal epithelium
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visceral peritoneum consisting of a single layer of cubiodal epithelium covering tunica albuginea, cortex, and medulla
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what triggers the start of the ovarian cycle?
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rising levels of FSH in puberty
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tunica albuginea (female)
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dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the ovary
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The knot of capillaries where filtration occurs in the renal nephron is called?
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Glomerulus
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epididymis
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long coiled tube, lined with simple columnar epithelium
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The structure that carries urine from many nephrons and runs through the medulla toward the pelvis is called?
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Collecting duct
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Steps of the ovarian cycle
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1. formation of the primary follicle
2. formation of secondary follicle by only a few primary follicles 3. formation of tertiary follicle 8-10 days after ovarian cycle begins 4. ovulation 5. formation of corpus luteum 6. formation of corpus albicans |
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capacitation
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activation process that must occur before sperm can successfully fertilize an egg
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Functions of estrogen
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1. stimulate bone and muscle growth
2. maintain female 2ndary sex characteristics 3. affect CNS activity, sex related behaviors and drives 4. maintain function of reproductive glands and organs 5. repair and growth of uterine lining |
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The vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus is called?
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Afferent arteriole
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4 regions of the uterine tubes
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infundibulum-end closest to the ovary forms funnel
ampulla-middle portion isthmus-segment attached to uterine wall intramural or uterine portion-opens into uterine cavity |
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The correct order of structures of the renal tubule is?
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-Glomerular capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubule -Loop of Henle -Distal convoluted tubule -Collecting duct |
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fimbria
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fingerlike projections extending from infundibulum into the pelvic cavity that grab the egg when ovary releases one
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Fibrous connective tissue that surround each kidney is the?
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Renal Capsule
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histology of the uterine tubes
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simple columnar epithelium lining. ciliated and non-ciliated. concentric layers of smooth muscle suround
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The apex of the renal pyramid is called the?
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Renal Papilla
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transport along uterine tubes
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ciliary movements and peristaltic contractions stimulated by ANS a few hours after ovulation. oocyte takes 3-4 days to travel the tubes.
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steps of capacitation
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1. sperm becomes motile when mixed with secretions of the seminal vesicles
2. sperm becomes capable of fertilization when permeability of its membrane changes upon exposure to the conditions of the female reproductive tract |
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Where does fertilization occur?
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typically in the ampulla
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The major calyces of the kidney converge to form an enlarged channel called the?
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Renal Pelvis
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ductus deferens
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begins at the end of the tail of the epididymis and ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
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uterosacral ligaments
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extend from lateral edges of uterus to sacrum, prevents uterus from moving inferiorly and anteriorly
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The basic histological and functional unit of the kidney is the?
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Nephron
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round ligaments
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arise on lateral edges of uterus and extend anteriorly, passing through inguinal canal and ending in external genitalia. restricts posterior movement of uterus
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functions of the epididymis
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1. monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules
2. recycle damaged spermatozoa 3. store sperm and facilitate maturation |
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lateral ligaments
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run from base of uterus to lateral walls of pelvis-prevent inferior movement of uterus
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What are the parts of a nephron & order fluid flows through them?
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1) renal corpuscle
2) proximal tubule 3) loop of Henle 4) distal tubule 5) collecting duct |
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anatomy of uterus
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body-largest region
fundus-rounded portion of body superior to attachment of uterine tubes isthmus-constriction near inferior end of uterus cervix-inferior portion that projects into vagina |
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structure of the ductus deferens
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ampulla-expanded portion
wall-smooth muscle layer-peristaltic contractions propel sperm and fluid along columnar epithelium lined duct ejaculatory duct-short passageway that penetrates the wall of the prostate gland and empties into the urethra near the duct from the other side |
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Parts of the cervix
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external orfice ( external os)-distal end of the cervix that leads to vagina
cervical canal- constricted passageway that opens between external and internal os internal orifice (inthernal os)-proximal end of the canal that opens into uterus |
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The tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called?
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Glomerulus
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Parts of the uterine wall
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myometrium-outer, muscular portion. 90% uterine mass
endometrium-inner glandular layer, about 10% of the mass. perimetrium-outermost serosa layer-found over fundus and anterior/posterior surfaces of uterine body blood supply-arteries and veins |
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urethra
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prostatic, membranous, penile
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Endometrium
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1. functional zone- closest to uterine cavity-contains most of the glands
2. basilar zone-outer layer adjacent to myometrium-terminal branches of tubular glands |
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the _____ projects between the afferent and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule.
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Distal tubule
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myometrium
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contains several branches of the uterine artery
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what percentage of semen volume is secreted by seminiferous tubules and epididymis?
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5%
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vaginal canal
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proximal end of vagina into which the cervix projects
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Collectively, the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the?
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Filtration membrane
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fornix
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shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion
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The part of a nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is?
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proximal tubule
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rugae
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folds in the lining of the vagina when relaxed. stratified squamous epithelium
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The ________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.
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vasa recta
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muscularis of vagina
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smooth muscle walls, two layers, circular and longitudinal, continuous with the muscular layers of the myometrium
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What blood vessels stem form the interlobular artery & in what order in which a drop of blood passes through them?
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1) Afferent arteriole
2) Efferent arteriole 3) Peritubular capillaries 4) Interiobular vein 5) Arcuate vein |
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hymen
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elastic epithelial fold separating vagina and vestibule
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The triangular area of the urinary bladder between the two ureters posteriorly and the urethra anteriorly is?
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Trigone
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Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor is?
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external urinary sphincter
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vulva
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region enclosing the female external genitalia
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Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is?
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tubular secretion
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vestibule
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central space into which the vagina opens externally
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The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is?
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micturition
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labia minora
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thin folds of mucous membrane
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The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is?
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renal fraction
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labia majora
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fatty external folds
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The part of the plasma volume that passes through the filtration membrane is?
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filtration fraction
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clitoris
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contains erectile tissue homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis
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Which substance normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane?
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Hemoglobin
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prepuce
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extension of the labia minora that sits superior to and encircles the body of the clitoris
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What percent of filtrate that enters the nephron is reabsorbed during urine formation?
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99%
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lesser and greater vestibular glands
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discharge secretions into the vestibule, keeping it moistened
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A decrease in plasma proteins results in?
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decreased colloid osmotic pressure
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mons pubis
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fatty pad over pubic bone
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As filtrate moves through the thin segment of the descending limb of the lop of Henle, water moves ______ the nephron, and solutes move ______ the nephron.
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out of, into
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During tubular re-absorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron, most solutes are moved across the apical membrane by _____, and across the basal membrane by ______.
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co-transport, facilitated diffusion
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In kidney nephron epithelial cells, solutes are co-transported with what?
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Na+ ions; sodium
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The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ to water?
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impermeable
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The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is?
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65%
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What ions are co-transported across the apical membrane in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
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K+ & Cl-
(potassium and chlorine) |
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In the nephron epithelial cells, ______ are moved bu counter transport through the basal membrane in exchange for K+ ions
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Na+ ions
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The permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by?
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ADH
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What compounds from filtrate are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream?
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amino acids
fructose Na+ ions Ca2+ ions |
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At which location is the osmolality of the filtrate highest?
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bottom of the loop of Henle
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Renal tubules are _____ permeable to the urea than they are to water, therefore urea concentration in the tubules ______.
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less, increases
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What substance is actively transported into the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubule?
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H+ ions
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The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron is in the?
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loop of Henle and vasa recta
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Urea diffuses out of the ________, and into the _______.
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collecting duct, descending limb of the loop of Henle
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Juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
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renin
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Drinking large amounts of beer results in?
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decreased urine osmolality & increased urine volume
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What condition increases the amount of urine produced?
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increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion
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Angiotensin II causes?
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-increased ADH secretion
-increased thirst -increased salt appetite -increased peripheral resistance |
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When the tubular load of a substance exceeds the tubular maximum, that substance will?
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appear in urine
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The micturition reflex symptoms are?
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-stimulated or inhibited by higher centers in the brain
-stimulated by increased pressure in the bladder -stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra |
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What is an opening on the surface of a kidney for the entry or exit of blood vessels, nerves and the ureters?
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Hilum
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What does urine begin as in the Kidney?
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Filtrate
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What are is highly vascular, & is where blood is filtered to produce filtrate within the nephrons?
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Cortex
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What is the name for the most superficial area in the kidney?
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Renal Cortex
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3 other terms for urination?
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Micturition, Voiding, Excretion
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What combines to form the papillary ducts?
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Individual collecting ducts
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What do papillary ducts drain into?
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major & minor calyces
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What is the fibrous layer on kidney's outer surface, that acts like serous membrane in limiting spread of infections?
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Renal Capsule
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How much filtrate is produced in one day?
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180 L
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What 4 organs comprise the urinary system?
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Kidneys
Urinary bladder Ureters Urethra |
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What is the filter unit of the body?
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Nephron
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What organ carries urine from the bladder to the outside?
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Urethra
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Beneath the renal cortex lay what?
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Renal medulla
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What is the order of tubule sections in the Nephron?
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Glomerular capsule
Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT) Nephron Loop Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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The Kidneys are retroperitoneal meaning?
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lie outside the parietal peritoneum
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The percent of cardiac output that flows through the Kidney is called?
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Renal fraction
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What part of the kidneys hold the middle section of the nephron?
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Medulla
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The urinary system is responsible for removal and excretion of wastes and water in the form of what?
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Urine
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______ carries blood to the glomerulus?
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afferent arteriole
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Urine is transformed by what 3 processes?
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-glomerular filter
-tubular reabsorption (from filtrate to blood) -tubular secretion (from blood to filtrate) |
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A pressure gradient dealing with both the capillary pressure and the pressure of filtrate already in the capsule is?
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Filtration pressure
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The total volume of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute?
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Glomerular filtration rate
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Capillary pressure is normally much higher than capsular pressure so _______ and _______ will flow from an area of _______ pressure to and area of ________ pressure.
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-fluid
-solutes -higher -lower |
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After leaving the PCT, the filtrate enters what?
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Nephron Loop
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As filtrate enters the loop, it is isotonic to both _______ and the ____ ______ ______.
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-Plasma
-Cortical Interstitial fluid |
|
|
The section immediately after the capsule is?
|
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
|
|
|
The __________ loop in a nephron is permeable to water but not _____ while the ________ is permeable to Na+ but not _______.
|
first part of the descending
Na+ ascending loop water |
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|
Both ________ and ____ are released in response to stimuli such as ________?
|
aldosterone
ADH low blood pressure |
|
|
Abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood can result in?
|
Glycosuria
|
|
|
What are examples of Diuretics?
|
Osmotic agents
Alcohol Caffeine Anti-hypertensive drugs |
|
|
Re-uptake of water and Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct is regulated hormonally by?
|
Aldosterone
ADH Atrial nutriuetic peptide (ANP) also called the ANF factor |
|
|
Control of this muscle is stressed during toilet training?
|
External urethral sphincter
|
|
|
The PCT retrieves.....?
|
-all of the nutrients
-most of the bicarbonate (HC03) -over half the water and electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl) |
|
|
Release of urine into the urethra is controlled by
|
internal urethral sphincter
(smooth muscle) |
|
|
What supplies the tubule cells with blood & maintains the osmatic gradient by exchanging water, urea and ions with _____ _____.
|
Medullary tissues
|
|
|
Renin raises the blood pressure by promoting the formation of _________.
|
angiotension II
|
|
|
what are the functions of the Urinary System?
|
-removal & excretion of wastes & water
-cleanses the blood of nitrogenous wastes -removes hormones -regulates the concentration of various blood salutes -regulates blood pH -produces erythropoietin to regulate RBC production & renin |
|
|
Renal hilum
|
opening on the surface of the kidney for the entry of blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter.
|
|
|
Retroperitoneal
|
pertaining to organs closely attached to the posterior wall and partly covered by peritoneum
|
|
|
Collecting Ducts
|
where drainage of filtrate from several nephrons begins
|
|
|
Nephrons
|
the filter unit of the kidney
|
|
|
Renal/Medullary pyramids
|
contains the middle section of the nephrons
|
|
|
Papillary ducts
|
collecting ducts combine; they drain into the minor calyces
|
|
|
Renal papillae
|
"nipples" of the renal pyramids
|
|
|
Glomerulus
|
a ball of capillaries surrounded by a capsule
|
|
|
Nephrons
|
the filter unit of the kidney
|
|
|
Renal/Medullary pyramids
|
contains the middle section of the nephrons
|
|
|
Papillary ducts
|
collecting ducts combine; they drain into the minor calyces
|
|
|
Renal papillae
|
"nipples" of the renal pyramids
|
|
|
Glomerulus
|
a ball of capillaries surrounded by a capsule
|
|
|
nephron tubule
|
removes waste & excess substances from blood to produce urine
|
|
|
proximal convoluted tubule
|
regulates pH of filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions, secreting organic acids
|
|
|
Nephron loop
|
concentrates salts that will be excreted in the urine, creating a concentration gradient in the medulla
|
|
|
distal convoluted tubule
|
absorbs Na+(sodium) & other inorganic salts while retaining water
|
|
|
glomerular capsule
|
cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
|
|
|
Bowman's Capsule
|
encloses a cluster of microscopic blood vessel capillaries called glomerulus
|
|
|
Efferent arteriole
|
the arteriole that recollects the useful parts from filtrate
|
|
|
Afferent arteriole
|
the arteriole that carries the blood tot the glomerulus
|
|
|
vasa recta
|
responsible for maintaining concentration gradient in filtrate, ability of kidney to produce concentrated urine
|
|
|
Pyelonephritis
|
an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum(pelvis) of the kidney
|
|
|
Hematuria
|
The presence of red blood cells(erythrocytes) in the urine.
Also a signal there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the ureter, urinary bladder, prostate, or urethra Can range from trivial to lethal |
|
|
Proteinuria
|
means the presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine. The protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy.
Foamy urine can also be caused by bilirubin in the urine |
|
|
Glycosuria/glucosuria
|
an abnormal condition of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of glucose by the kidneys
|
|
|
Urethritis
|
inflammation of the urethra
main symptom of dysuria, which is painful or difficult urination |
|
|
Cystitis
|
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Condition most often affects women, but can affect either gender and all age groups |
|
|
Stress incontinence
|
any involuntary leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a profound impact on quality of life
|
|
|
Urinary retention
|
also known as ischuria; a lack if ability to urinate.
common complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy |
|
|
Horseshoe kidney
|
A congenital disorder, affecting about 1 in 4,000 people.
A person's two(2) kidneys fuse together to form a horseshoe shape during development in the womb |
|
|
Renal calculus
|
solid concentrations (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys of bladder
|
|
|
hydronephrosis
|
distention and dilation of the renal pelvis, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney
|
|
|
bladder cancer
|
refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder.
a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder |
|
|
cystoscopy
|
endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra
|
|
|
nocturnal enuresis
|
Bedwetting
|
|
|
renal/kidney failure
|
acute renal failure or chronic renal failure
|
|
|
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
|
A radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
|
|
|
acute glomerulonephritis
|
a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately.
divided into acute and chronic forms |
|
|
Uterine Prolapse
|
A portion of the vaginal canal protrudes from the opening of the vagina
|
|
|
Inguinal Hernia
|
Protrusions of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal cavity
|
|
|
Mastitis
|
Inflammation of the mammary glands
|
|
|
Oophorectomy
|
surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries
|
|
|
Salpingitis
|
An infection of inflammation in the fallopian tubes
|
|
|
Teratoma
|
Monstrous tumor; tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers
|
|
|
Dermoid cyst
|
cystic teratoma; contains mature skin complete with hair follicles and sweat glands; teeth; eyes; cartilage; bone; nails;bone; blood; fat; sebum; can be found
|
|
|
Gynecomastia
|
Development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement; can secrete milk
|
|
|
Laparoscopy
|
Minimally invasive surgery, operations performed through small incision
|
|
|
Leiomyoma
|
benign tumors that grown from the muscle layers of the uterus
|
|
|
Amenorrhea
|
absence of a menstrual period
|
|
|
Cryptorchidism
|
Absence of one or both testes from the scrotum resulting from failure of the testis to descend during fetal development
|
|
|
Orchitis
|
Very painful condition of the testicles, involving inflammation, swelling and frequent infection
|
|
|
Impotence
|
Also known as erectile dysfunction
characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis |
|
|
Benign Prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
|
the increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men
|
|
|
Prostatitis
|
Inflammation of the prostate gland in men
|
|
|
Ectopic Pregnancy
|
fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than uterine wall;
complication of pregnancy |
|
|
Tubal Ligation
|
AKA getting one's "tubes tied"- permanent form of female sterilization
|
|
|
Hysterectomy
|
surgical removal of the uterus, can be all of it or partial
|
|
|
Endometriosis
|
common medical condition characterized by growth beyond or outside the uterus tissue resembling endometrium, the tissue that normally lines the uterus
|
|
|
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
|
generic term for inflammation of the female uterus, fallopian tubes and/r ovaries; often associated with STDs
|
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
amongst the most common STDs, causes eye infection (conjunctivitis) can treat with silver nitrate in the eyes.
Bacterial STD, treated w/ antibiotics (most common penicillin) |
|
|
Syphilis
|
a curable STD; can be treated w/ antibiotics; begins with a single sore called a chancre (firm, round, small, painless)
|
|
|
Chlamydia
|
STD; leading cause of infectious blindness in the world; bacterial
|
|
|
Genital Warts
|
STD, caused by some subtypes of the human papilloma virus, but not linked to the ones that cause cancer
|
|
|
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
|
STD; that infects the skin and mucous membranes
130 types; sub-clinical infection resulting in precancerous lesions some types cause cervical cancer |
|
|
Genital Herpes
|
2 species (1 & 2); cold sores, chicken pox, shingles, and various cancers, can cause inflammation in the brain (encephalitis)
|
|
|
Nondisjunction
|
failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division, can result in imbalance of chromosomes
|
|
|
Menopause
|
permanent cessation of menstrual cycles
|
|
|
Menarche
|
First menstrual period
|
|
|
Ovarian cyst
|
Collection of fluid, surrounded by a very thin wall within the ovary; most are harmless; some cause bleeding and pain; surgery may be required to remove
|
|
|
What phase of Meiosis does pairing of homologous chromosomes take place?
|
prophase I
|
|
|
In Meiosis when the chromatids of the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes exchange DNA, creating new gene combinations
|
Prophase I
|
|
|
What gene causes the production of Testis Determining Factor (TDF)?
|
Y chromosome
|
|
|
The development of a testis from the gonadal ridge is detected by __________ (gene) ?
|
Y chromosome
|
|
|
What is another name for interstitial cells?
|
Leydig
|
|
|
Packed between the seminiferous tubules are endocrine cells called _______ that produce _________?
|
Interstitial
testosterone |
|
|
Spermatogenesis begins in the
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
What hormone is needed for the formation of the penis, male urethra, prostate & scrotum?
|
5a--dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)
|
|
|
After meiosis II the four (4) haploid cells are called?
|
Spermatids
|
|
|
The process in which sperm completes its development in the female reproductive system is?
|
Capacitation
|
|
|
Area bound laterally by the ischial tuberoisities, coccyx, and pubic symphysis?
|
Perineum
|
|
|
The four stages of copulation?
|
-Erection
-Emission -Ejaculation -Resolution |
|
|
What are the sources of genetic variation during meiosis?
|
crossing-over and the random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes
|
|
|
Prophase I there are ______ tetrads?
|
23
|
|
|
A zygote contains the ________ complement of chromosomes?
|
haploid
|
|
|
What stage of meiosis do the sister centromeres separate?
|
Anaphase I
|
|
|
What are some events that occur in prophase II?
|
-formation of spindle
-condensation of chromatin into chromosomes -removal of the nuclear membrane |
|
|
During prophase I, each chiasma represents?
|
Site of crossing-over
|
|
|
During which phase does crossing-over occur?
|
prophase I
|
|
|
A maternal homologue and a paternal homologue synapse to form?
|
A tetrad
|
|
|
What events occur in Meiosis I?
|
-DNA exchange
-paring of homologous chromosomes -separation of homologous chromosomes -crossing-over between homologous chromosomes |
|
|
If meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms, then?
|
chromosome number would double in each generation
|
|
|
In prophase I when homologous chromosomes lie side-by-side is known as what?
|
chromatid pairing
|
|
|
Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during?
|
Prophase I
|
|
|
Sperm cells develop in?
|
Seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
The leftover portion of the process vaginalis that covers the testes?
|
tunica vaginalis
|
|
|
Large cells that nourish developing sperm cells and form the blood testes barrier are?
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
|
seminal vesicles
|
1. Tubular glands that are coiled and folded into a compact, tapered mass.
2. Contributes 60% of seminal fluid including prostaglandins, clotting proteins, fructose to activate sperm by providing energy source. |
|
|
prostate gland
|
1. Small, muscular, rounded gland that encircles prostatic urethra as it leaves urinary bladder.
2. Contributes 20-30% of seminal fluid containing seminalplasmin. secretions ejected into prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions. 3. 30-50 tuboalveolar glands wrapped in smooth muscle. |
|
|
bulbourethral glands
|
1. Small, round paired glands located at base of the penis, lined by simple columnar epithelium.
2. Contributes 10% of seminal fluid in the form of a sticky, alkaline mucous to neutralize urinary acids and lubricate tip of penis |
|
|
What cells are produced during spermatogenesis?
What is the order they are produced? |
Start:
1. Spermatogonia 2. Primary spermatocytes 3. Secondary spermatocytes 4. Spermatids 5. Sperm cells |
|
|
From each primary spermatocyte,____ sperm cells are produced?
From each oocyte, ___ secondary oocytes are produced? |
4, 1
|
|
|
A comma -shaped structure on the posterior testis, maturation of sperm cells occurs here:___________
|
epididymis
|
|
|
From the ejaculatory duct, sperm cells travel directly into ?
|
Prostatic (part of ) urethra
|
|
|
Cap formed over the distal end of the penis is?
|
Glans penis
|
|
|
Erectile columns that form the dorsal surface and sides of the penis are?
|
Corpora cavernosa
|
|
|
The suspensory ligament, mesometrium, and the mesovarium are all parts of?
|
Broad Ligament
|
|
|
The Ovarian and Round ligaments develop from what?
|
The gubernacula
|
|
|
What structure in the testes constitutes the greatest percentage to semen?
|
Seminal vesicles
|
|
|
What hormone is released from hypothalamus and stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary?
|
GnRH
|
|
|
What hormone is secreted by the placenta; stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone before birth?
|
(hCG) human chorionic gonadotrophin
|
|
|
Testosterone has a negative-feedback effect on?
|
GnRH, FSH, LH secretions
|
|
|
In the male, the process in which sperm cells, secretions of the prostate, and secretions of the seminal vesicles accumulate in the prostatic urethra is?
|
Emission
|
|
|
The visceral peritoneum covering the surface of the ovary?
|
Germinal epithelium
|
|
|
At birth a female has in her ovaries?
|
primary oocytes (have started meiosis, but stopped at prophase I)
|
|
|
A primary oocyte divides to produce?
|
Secondary oocyte & polar body
|
|
|
The layer of clear, viscous fluid that is deposited around a primary oocyte is?
|
Zona pellucida
|
|
|
The innermost cells of the cumulus mass are called?
|
Corona radiata
|
|
|
During Oogensis, a polar body is formed when?
|
before and after fertilization
|
|
|
During ovulation a ______ is released from the ovary?
|
Secondary oocyte
|
|
|
After ovulation, the granulosa cells of the follicle develop into a glandular structure called?
|
Corpus luteum
|
|
|
The funnel shaped end of the uterine tube( fallopian tube) is the?
|
Infundibulum
|
|
|
The large, superior, rounded portion of the the uterus is?
|
Fundus
|
|
|
The innermost layer of the uterus is the?
|
Endometrium
|
|
|
The superior domed portion of the vagina is called?
|
Fornix
|
|
|
The breasts are attached to?
|
fascia over the pectoralis major muscles by mammary (Cooper's) ligaments
|
|
|
The 1st episode of menstrual bleeding is called?
|
Menarche
|
|
|
During the menstrual cycle, the time between the ending of menses and ovulation is?
|
Follicular phase
|
|
|
Sequence of events during ovulation
|
1. beginning of menses- day 1
2. LH surge- day 1-2; first 36 hours 3. beginning of proliferative phase- day 5 4. Corpus luteum formed- day 14-26 5. Ovulation- day 14 |
|
|
Hormone responsible for Ovulation?
|
LH
|
|
|
In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during which phase?
|
Secretory phase
|
|
|
The cause of menses in the menstrual cycle is?
|
decreased progesterone and estrogen secretion by the ovary
|
|
|
A woman is most likely to become pregnant during what day of the menstrual cycle?
|
days 9-14
|
|
|
While the follicle is developing, a positive-feedback loop occurs in which ______ stimulates the follicle, which increases the secretion of ______, which stimulates GnRH secretion.
|
FSH, estrogen
|
|
|
After fertilization, development of a full-term fetus depends upon?
|
release of hCG by the trophblast to maintain the corpus luteum
|
|
|
During sexual intercourse, oxytocin and _______ both stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and uterine tubes
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
|
________ are the first haploid cells on spermatogenesis
|
Secondary spermatocytes
|
|
|
Which stage of labor involves full dilation and actual delivery?
|
Expulsion stage
|
|
|
_____causes spermatogonia to make sperm.
|
Testosterone
|
|
|
_______makes spermatogonia sensitive to testosterone.
|
Androgen binding protein
|
|
|
Where do sperm develop and gain their ability to swim?
|
Epididymis
|
|
|
What is true about lutenizing hormone?
|
1. causes meiosis to resume
2. causes rupture of follicle 3. causes ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum |
|
|
During ovulation the oocyte will advance to __________ then stop until it is fertilized.
|
Metaphase II
|
|
|
What 2 protective layers surround the egg when released from the follicle?
|
zona pellucid, corona radiate
|
|
|
______ are primary sex organs & ______ are haploid cells.
|
-Gonads
-Gametes |
|
|
What blood vessels make up the umbilical cord?
|
Umbilical vein & artery
|
|
|
What is the key difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?
|
Exchange of DNA between maternal & paternal chromatids in (Meiosis)
|
