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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Recombination
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Exchange of genes b/w 2 chromosomes by crossing over w/in regions of significant base sequence homology
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Reassortment
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When viruses w/segmented genomes exchange segments. High frequency recombination. Cause of worldwide pandemics.
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Complementation
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When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The non mutated virus complements the mutated one by making a functional protein.
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Phenotypic mixing
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Occurs w/simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. Genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated (forming pseudovirion) w/ the surfac eproteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypically mixed virus. However, the progeny from this infx have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material.
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Live attenuated vaccines:
(a immune response (b) pros (c) cons (d) examples |
(a) induce humoral and cell mediated immunity
(b) no booster needed (c) have reverted to virulence on rare occassions; dangerous to give live vaccines to IC patients or their close contacts (d) Measles, mumps, rubella, Sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, small pox |
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Killed vaccines
(a) immune response (b) pros (c) cons (d) examples |
(a) humoral immunity
(b) stable (c) boosters required (d) Rabies, influenza, salk Polio, HAV vaccines |
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Recombinant vaccine examples
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HBV (HBsAg), HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18)
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Naked viruses
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Calcivivirus
Picornavirus Reovirus Parvovirus Adenovirus Papilloma Polyoma |
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Where to enveloped viruses usually acquire their envelopes? What is the exception?
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Plasma membrane except herpesviruses which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane
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DNA enveloped viruses
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Herpesviruses, small pox
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DNA nucleocapsid viruses
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Adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus
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RNA enveloped viruses
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Influenza, paraingluenza, RSV, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, HTLV, HIV
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RNA nucleocapsid viruses
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Enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV), rhinovirus, reovirus (rotavirus)
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HSV identification
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Tzanck test to detect multinucleated giant cells. Used for HSV-1, 2, and VZV.
Also see intranuclear Cowdry A bodies |
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Negative stranded viruses
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Virion brings along its own RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses |
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Segmented viruses
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All are RNA.
Bunyavirus Orthomyxovirus (influenza) Arenaviruses Reoviruses |
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Viruses that give you spots
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Rubella: togavirus; 3d measles
Rubeola: paramyxovirus; measles Herpesvirus; chickenpox and zoster Poxvirus; smallpos (no longer present outside of labs) |
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBsAg |
Antigen found on surface of HBV; continued presence indicates carrier state
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBsAb |
Ab to HBsAg; provides immunity to HBV
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBcAg |
Antigen associated with core of HBV
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBcAb |
Ab to HBcAg; positive during window period. IgM HBcAb is an indicator of recent disease. IgG HBcAb signifies chronic disease.
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBeAg |
A second, different antigenic determinant in the HBV core. Important indicator of active viral replication and therefore transmissibility.
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Hepatitis serologic marker description and interpretation of (+) test:
HBeAb |
Ab to e antigen; indicates low transmissibility
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: brain
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Cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, CMV encephalopathy, AIDS dementia, PML (JC virus)
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: eyes
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CMV retinitis
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: mouth and throat
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Thrush (candida), HSV, CMV, oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV)
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: lungs
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Pneumocystic jiroveci, TB, histo
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: GI
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Cryptosporidiosis, MAC, CMV colitis, non Hodgkin lymphoma (EBV), Isospora belli
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: skin
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Shingles (VZV), Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
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Opportunistic infections and diseases in AIDS: genitals
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Gential herpes, warts, cervical cancer (HPV)
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HIV associated infections and CD4 count: <400
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Oral thrus, tinea pedis, reactivation VZV, reactivation TB, other bacterial infx
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HIV associated infections and CD4 count <200
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Reactivation HSV, cryptosporidiosis, Isospora, disseminated coccidiomycosis, Pneumocystic pneumonia
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HIV associated infections and CD4 count: <100
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Candidal esophagitis, toxo, histo
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HIV associated infections and CD4 count <50
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CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated MAC, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
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Neoplasms associated w/HIV
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Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8), invasive cervical carincoma (HPV), primary CNS lymphoma, non hogdkin lymphoma
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Describe HIV encephalitis
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Late in course of HIV infection. Virus gains CNS access via infected macs. See microglial nodules wmultinucleated giant cells.
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Spongiform encephalopathy
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Prion disease
Creutzfield Jakob disease (rapid progressive dementia) Kuru Scrapie (sheep) Mad cow disease Pathologic prions have beta pleated sheet conformation that is resistant to proteinase digestion. |