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1247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endotoxins, G(+) or G(-)
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Gram (-): N. meningitidis
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Autosomal Recessive Diseases
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Tay-Sachs
Gaucher’s Niemann-Pick Cori’s McArdle’s Galactosemia PKU Alcaptonuria |
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Ecthyma Gangrenosum, seen w/
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Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring surrounding the lesion
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Mobitz I (Second degree AV block type 1)
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Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block. Progressively prolonged PR intervals and then a dropped QRS.
Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol. |
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Endospores G(+)
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Gram (+): Bacillus & Clostridium – made up of dipicolinate & Keratin
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X Linked Recessive Diseases
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Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, increased Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
Fabry’s Disease (alpha Galactosidase A deficiency, increased Ceremide Trihexoside) Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, increased Ceremide Trihexoside) Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, increased Uric acid) G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, increased Ceremide trihexoside) Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, increased Ceremide Trihexoside) |
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Multi Brain Abscess
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Nocardia
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Epinephrine
Name its receptors |
alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2
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Single Brain Abscess
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Actinomyces israelli
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Hypersensitivity Reactions
“ACID” |
Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing |
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↑ risk for Strep pneum Infection
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Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness
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Mobitz II (second degree AV block type 2)
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BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
P wave is not always followed by a QRS. |
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α Hemolysis/Optochin Sensitive
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Strep. Pneumoniae
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Transplant Rejections
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Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage. |
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α Hemolysis/Optochin Resistant
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Strep. Viridans (Subacute Endocarditis)
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Addison’s Disease
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Primary adrenocortical deficiency
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Staph. Saprophyticus
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Novobiocin Resistant (UTIs)
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Blood Metastasis
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Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
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Staph. Epidermidis
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Novobiocin sensitive (Endocarditis in IVDUs)
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P wave
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Atrial depol.
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β Hemolysis/Bacitracin Sensitive
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Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis; Scarlet fever; cellulitis; impetigo; Rheumatic fever))
Hyaluronic capsule; non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A |
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Lymph Metastasis
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Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
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β Hemolysis/Bacitracin Resistant
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Strep. Agalactiae (Diabetes predisposes to infection)
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Norepinephrine
Name its receptors |
alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1 (no beta-2 activity)
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EFII Ribosylation
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Diphtheria toxin & Pseudomonas exotoxon A
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Aflatoxin
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Seen w/ Aspergillus.Increased risk for Hepatocellular CA
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Bacillus Anthracis: 3 toxins
(work via adenylate cyclase) |
Protective Antigen (PA)
Lethal Factor = toxic to macrophages Edema Factor = ↑ cAMP |
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a wave
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LA contraction
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Woolsorter’s Disease
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Bacillus anthracis. DOC: Penicillin
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Cleft Lip
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Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
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Grows in Rice
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Bacillus Cereus
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Addisonian Anemia
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Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells --> Decrease IF --> Vit B12 --> megaloblastic anemia)
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Clostridium Perfringens
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Double Zone β Hemolysis (test)
Lecithinase: α toxin = lyses RBCs 80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases |
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Cleft Palate
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Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
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Clostridium Difficile
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2 Toxins: Enterotoxin (Exotoxin A) & Cytotoxin (Exotoxin B)
Pseudomembranous colitis (can be precipitated by clindamycin/ampicillin) |
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T wave
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Ventricular repol.
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Spastic Paralysis toxin
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Clostridium Tetani toxin
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Craniopharyngioma
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Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
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Clostridium Botulinum
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Bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)
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GABA
Effect when bound to GABA-r |
Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization
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Infant Botulinum
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Floppy Baby Syndrome. Pre formed toxin in honey
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Inolved in Vision relay
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Thayer Martin Agar
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Neisseria ID
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Wavy fibers
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Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
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DOC for N. gonorrhoeae
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Ceftriazone
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Medial Geniculate Body
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Involved in Hearing relay
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K1 E. Coli Capsular Ag
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Related w/ neonateal meningitis
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Albright’s Syndrome
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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls
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The A’s of Klebsiella
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Alcoholics
Aspiration pneumonia Abscesses in the lungs |
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Lung Development
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Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa |
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Rice H2O Diarrhea
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Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis
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Janeway’s lesions
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Seen in acute bacterial endocarditis. Non-tender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
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Raw seafood intoxicaiton
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Vibrio parahemolyticus
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Heart’s 1st Beat
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21-22 days
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Helicobacter Txt
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Bismuth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)
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Muscarinic-r
Mech of action, purpose |
Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers
Parasympathetic control |
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↑ risk of P. aeroginosa infection
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Burn patients & Cystic fibrosis
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Foregut
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Mouth to Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
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Contact lens’ infection
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Pseudomonas aeroginosa
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Osler’s nodes
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Seen in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
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Cat Bites
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Pasteurella multocida
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Midgut
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Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct --> Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
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Undulant Fever
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Brucella
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Alport’s Syndrome
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Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
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Bordet Gengou Agar
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Bordetella pertusis ID
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Hindgut
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Splenic Flexure --> Butt crack --> supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
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Lowenstein-Jensen medium
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M. tuberculosis ID
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Thiamine deficiency can lead to...
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Wet Beri Beri = heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
Dry Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss |
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Cat Scratch Disease
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Bartonella henselae. Lesion can resemble Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Toxoplasmosis |
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Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
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Narcolepsy
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Pink Eye
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Adenovirus (type 8)
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Bethanechol
Drug type, effect, therapeutic use |
Cholinergic
Increases GI & Bladder motility Treats atonic bladder post-op |
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True Hemaphrodite
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Testes & Ovaries are present
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Type I Error
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alpha: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
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Pseudo Hemaphrodite
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External genitalia does not coincide w/ gonads
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
Can also be caused by uremia Most common type of pericarditis |
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Male Pseudo Hemaphrodite
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Testicular Feminization
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Subdural Hematoma
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Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
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HLA Genes Location
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6p
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Alzheimer’s
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Progressive dementia
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Parvovirus B19
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Fifth Disease: Erythema Infectiosum (ssDNA). Linked w/ sicle cell anemia
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Epidural Hematoma
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Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
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Interferon MOA
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Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)
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Serous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction
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Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
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Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus & Coxsackie A
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Power
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1 - Beta
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Parainfluenza Causes…
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Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
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Pilocarpine
Drug type, effect, therapeutic use |
Cholinergic.
Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation. Txt acute glaucoma |
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Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis
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Adenovirus (types 3 & 4)
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Type II Error
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Beta: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
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RSV
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Bronchiolitis in infants
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Friction Rub
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Pericarditis association
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Removed tonsils, find what virus
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In 80%, Adenovirus. In the immunosuppressed, activation can occur
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Sensitivity
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TP/TP + FN
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Bone Fever
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Dengue: Group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos
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Argyll-Robertson Pupil
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Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral)
“Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react Pathognomonic for tertiary Syphilis Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus |
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HbsAg
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Appears in blood soon after infection, before onset of acute illness
Disappears w/in 4-6 months after the start of clinical illness |
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Specificity
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TN/TN + FP
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HbeAg
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Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease
Disappears before HbsAg is gone |
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
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Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
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Anti-Hbc
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1. Present in beginning of clinical illness
2. Seen in the “window phase” |
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Positive Predictive Value
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TP/TP + FP
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Filamentous Bacteria
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Actinomycetes = Nocardia; Actinomyces; Streptomyces
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Isoflurophate
Drug type, effect |
Organophosphate.
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r |
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Listeria contaminates
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Milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections
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Negative Predictive Value
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TN/TN + FN
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Shiga like Toxin
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E. Coli 0157/H7: Hemorrhagic colitis & Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
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aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
Due to amyloidosis in the elderly Also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (< 25 yo) |
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Necrotizing Fasciitis
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Group A Streptococci
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Odds Ratio
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ad/bc
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Relapsing Fever
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Borrelia recurrentis
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Arnold-Chiari Malformation
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Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
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Loffler’s Medium
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Corneybacterium diphtheriae
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d-Dimers
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DIC
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Chlamydiae Developmental Cycle
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1. Elementary Body: infeccious particle that Enters the cell
2. Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and releases elementary bodies to infect other cells 3. W/ infection you will see Glycogen containing inclusions 4. Cell wall lacks muramic acid |
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PML’s infectious agent
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JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
Causes inflammation of the white matter and occurs almost exclusively in people with severe immunodeficiency |
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Trench Fever
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Rochalimaea quintana
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Delusion
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Disorder of thought content
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“Spotted Fever” Members
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1. Rickettssia rickettsii (RMSF) & R. akari (rickettsial pox) in the U.S.
2. R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) & R. australis (typhus in Australia) |
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Pralidoxime
Drug type, effect |
“2PAM”
Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase |
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Thrush Txt
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Nystatin txts candidiasis of the mouth
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Loose Association
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Skip from topic to topic
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Rose Bush Thorns
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Have Sporothrix schenckii
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4 ways you can get edema
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1. Increase hydrostatic pressure (more seeps out)
2. Decrease oncotic pressure (less reabsorbed) 3. Increase vessel permeability 4. Block lymphatic drainage |
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Contact lens solution infection
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Acanthamoeba
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5 Stages of Death
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Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
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Filiariasis Causant
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Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis & wucheriasis
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Barrett’s
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Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (* risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux
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Freshwater lake infection
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Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri
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1st Branchial Arch
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Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
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Reduviid bug bite
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Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease): Romana’s Sign
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
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Commonly see liver cysts, mitral valve prolapse, & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis PDK1 = chromosome 16 (most common and most severe) PDK2 = chromosome 4 |
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Schistosoma Haematobium causes
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Bladder calcificaiton & cancer
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2nd Branchial Arch
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Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
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Schistosoma Mansoni causes
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Presinusoidal HTN, splenomagaly, esophageal varices
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Neostigmine
Type, therapeutic use |
Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
Txt Myasthenia Gravis |
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Snail, intermediate host of…
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Schistosomiasis
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Median nerve lesion
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No pronation
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Ixodes scapularis transmits
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Babesia (clinically rembles malaria) & Borelia burgdorferi
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Malignant HTN effect on kidneys
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Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
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Nantucket Protozoa
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Babesia microt
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Radial nerve lesion
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Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
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Infection by Reduviid Bug
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Trypansoma cruzi: Chagas’ Disease
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Bartter’s Syndrome
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Hyperreninemia (Loop-diuretic like)
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Infection by TseTse Fly
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Trypansoma brucei gambiense & rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness
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Common peroneal lesion
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Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
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Infection by Sandfly
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Leishmaniasis: Mucocutaneous Diseases by L. braziliensis & Visceral Disease by L. donovani & Dermal Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana
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Nephritic signs
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Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
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Infection by Ixodes Tick
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Babesia microti: Babesiosis & Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Disease
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Diract inguinal hernia
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Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men |
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Infection by Anopheles Mosquito
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Malaria
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Myasthenia Gravis
Mechanism of action, clinical presentation |
Anitbodies to Ach-r
Increases muscular weakness due to Ach’s weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r |
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Trophozoites w/ “Face-Like” Appearance
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Giardia lamblia
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Indirect inguinal hernia
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Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close |
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Nonseptate Hyphae
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Zygomycosis: Rhizopus & Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate. Infect Ketoacidotic Diabetics.
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Nephrotic signs
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Proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day); Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
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Histoplasmosis Geography
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Ohio, Mississippi, Misouri River valleys
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@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
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T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein |
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Coocidioidomycosis Geography
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Southwestern deserts, California
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Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
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Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)
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Blastomycosis Geography
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States east of Mississippi River
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Hemiballism
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Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
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Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography
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Latin America
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/
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Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
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Roseola Infection, aka
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Exanthema Subitum: “Sixth Disease” (Human Herpes Virus-6 dsDNA, enveloped)
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O Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the Golgi
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Herpangina
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“Hand-Foot-and-Mouth” Disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)
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Tubocurium
Type, mech of action, effect |
Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.
Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ Increases Histamine release = decr BP & incr bronchospasm |
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Orthomyxovirus
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1. –ssRNA, enveloped virus.
2. Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA = Neuraminidase. These peplomeres are what give the virus antigenis variation 3. Influenza A & B |
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N Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the RER
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Paramyxovirus
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1. –RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infections in kids
2. Mumps 3. Croup(Parainfluenza virus) 4. Rubeola(Measles virus) 5. RSV |
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elevated ASO (antistreptolysin O) titer seen w/
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Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep)
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Togavirus
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1. +ssRNA, enveloped
2. 3 Day Measles: German Measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus 3. Encephalitis viruses: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more severe) and Western Equine Encephalitis |
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MLF Syndrome
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Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS |
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Flaviviris
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1. Dengue Fever – icterus & hemorrhage w/ blac vomit
2. Yellow fever 3. St. Louis Encephalitis – no hepatitis or hemorrhage |
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Bell’s Palsy
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CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
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Bunyavirus
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1. –ssRNA, enveloped
2. California Encephalitis – severe bifrontal headaches 3. Hantavirus – hemorrhagic fever w/ acute resp. distress syndrome |
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ADA Deficiency
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SCID
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IgA Protease Activity
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1. H. Influenzae (needs factors V & X for growth)
2. Strep. Pneumoniae 3. N. meningitidis 4. N. gonnorhoae 5. W/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa. |
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Crescentic GN
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Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis Type 1: Goodpasture's Type 2: Lupus Type 3: Pauci immune (vasculitis) |
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Diphtheria: ABCDEFG
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1. Adenopathy
2. β Prophage encodes the exotoxin 3. Corneybacteria is Club shaped 4. Diphtheria 5. Elongation Factor II 6. Granules (metachromatic) |
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Raphe Nucleus
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Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
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Only ssDNA
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Parvovirus: “Part of a virus”
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Trimethaphan
Mech of action |
Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS
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Only dsRNA
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Reovirus, “RepeatOvirus”
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Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep
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Beta waves
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Naked RNA
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“Naked for CPR”: Calcivirus; Picornovirus; Reovirus
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Hereditary Nephritis
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Alport’s syndrome. X linked
Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities |
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2 circular DNAs
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Papovavirus & Hepadnavirus
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Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
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Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase |
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BK
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Papovavirus. Seen in kidney transplant patients (causes renal disease)
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Berger’s Disease
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IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection
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Hepadna, Retrovirus?
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No, but has reverse transcriptase
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Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
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PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium |
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Picornovirus: “PERCH”
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Poiliovirus; Echo; Rhino; Coxsackie; Hep A
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Membranoproliferative GN
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Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
See tram tracking (with type 1) |
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Hemorrhagic Fevers
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Filovirus & Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)
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Pellagra
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Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use |
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|
Segmented viruses
|
All are RNA: Orthomyxo; Arena; Bunya; Reo
|
|
|
Pancurium
Compare to tubocurium |
More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release
|
|
|
Eclipse Phase
|
No internal virus. 1 total virus per cell
|
|
|
TLCFN
|
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & alpha Ketoglutarate DH complex
|
|
|
Latent Phase
|
No external virus. Extracellular virus found
|
|
|
Type I Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
|
C3 & IgG deposits
Tram tracking |
|
|
Naked Capsid Virus
|
Nucleocapsid. DNA or RNA + Structural proteins
|
|
|
LCAT or PCAT
|
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase |
|
|
Enveloped Virus
|
Membrane. Nucleocapsid + Glycoprotein
|
|
|
Bernard-Soulier Disease
|
Defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)
|
|
|
Interferon
|
Non virus specific. Works by RNA endonuclease = digests viral DNA + inh viral prot synth
|
|
|
HMGCoA Reductase
|
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA --> Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin |
|
|
AIDS structural prots
|
Gag, pol, env
|
|
|
Type II Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
|
Only C3 deposits
Aka Dense deposit disease |
|
|
AIDS regulatory prots
|
Tat, rev, nef
|
|
|
Ketogenic amino acids
|
Leucine & Lysine
|
|
|
AIDS gp41 env prot
|
Transmembrane
|
|
|
Succinylcholine
Type, mech of action, effect |
Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton
Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion. |
|
|
AIDS gp120 env prot
|
Surface
|
|
|
Glucogenic amino acids
|
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
|
|
|
AIDS p17 gag prot
|
Matrix
|
|
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
|
IgM & C3 deposits
|
|
|
AIDS p24 gag prot
|
Capsid
|
|
|
Keto & Gluco amino acids
|
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
|
|
|
AIDS p7p9 gag prot
|
Nucleocapsid
|
|
|
Berry Aneurysm
|
Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating artery
Often associated with ADPKD |
|
|
DNA Viruses
|
A= Adeno
H= Herpes H= Hepadna - circular P= Pox - circular P= Parvo - SS P= Papova |
|
|
Carnitine Shuttle
|
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
|
|
|
(+) RNA Viruses
|
C= Calici
P= Picorno R= Reo F= Flavi T= Toga C= Corona |
|
|
Cold agglutinins
|
Seen in atypical pneumonia
It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs |
|
|
(-) RNA Viruses
|
F= Filo
O= Orthomyxo R= Rhabdo P= Paramyxo A= Arena B= Bunya |
|
|
Cori Cycle
|
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use |
|
|
Hepatitis Window Period
|
After HbsAg disappears & Before HbsAb appears
|
|
|
alpha-1 Eye
Effect of (+) alpha-1 on eye; name a drug to counter this effect |
Mydriasis due to norepinephrine.
Prazosin (-) |
|
|
Hepatitis A
|
Picorna
|
|
|
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
|
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [increased heart contractility] |
|
|
Hepatitis B
|
Hepadna
|
|
|
Scrofula
|
TB in the lymph nodes
|
|
|
Hepatitis C
|
Flavi
|
|
|
TCA Cycle Products
|
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate --> Aconitate --> Isocitrate --> alpha Ketoglutarate --> Succinyl --> Succinate --> Fumarate --> Malate --> OAA |
|
|
Hepatitis D
|
Delta
|
|
|
Bowen’s Disease
|
Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (increased risk of visceral ca) [compare w/ Queyrat]
|
|
|
Hepatitis E
|
Calici
|
|
|
Cones
|
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
|
|
|
Downey Type II cells
|
EBV
|
|
|
Aspirin-Asthma Triad
|
Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
|
|
|
Infection by Aedes Mosquito
|
Yellow Fever: Flavivirus: Black vomit, jaundice, high fever
|
|
|
Rods
|
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
|
|
|
“Hot T-Bone stEAk”: ILs
|
IL1 = ↑ Temp: HOT
IL2 = stimulate T cells IL3 = stimulate Bone Marrow stem cells’ growth & differentiation (GM CSF) IL4 = stimulate IgE (& IgG) IL5 = stimulate IgA (& eosinophils) |
|
|
Muscarinic-r & Eye
Effect of (+) M-r on eye Name a drug to counter this effect |
Miosis due to Ach.
Atropine (-). |
|
|
ILs Secreted by CD4s
|
IL2, IL4, IL5, IFN gamma
|
|
|
Gastrula
|
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
|
|
|
ILs Secreted by Macrophages
|
IL1 & TNF α
|
|
|
Ferruginous bodies
|
Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
|
|
|
C5a
|
Neutral chemotaxis.
When it is w/ C3a, participates in anaphylaxis |
|
|
Epiblast
|
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
|
|
|
C5 Convertase
|
When both Alternative and Classic pathways come together
Alternative: C3b, Bb, C3b + C3a → C5 Classic: 2b, 3b, C3a + C4b → C5 |
|
|
Brill-Zinsser Disease
|
Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later
|
|
|
Only Richettssia not Intracellular
|
Quintana
|
|
|
Sydenham’s Chorea
|
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
|
|
|
Plasmodium Life Cycle
|
Sporozoites: from blood to liver
Primary tissue schizont Trophozoites: in RBC Erythrocytic schizont Merozoite: ruptured RBC Gametozyte Zygote: inside the mosquito |
|
|
Pancoast’s tumor causes
|
Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome (ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis)
|
|
|
Acanthamoeba
|
Star shaped cysts
|
|
|
(+) Frei Test
|
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
|
Nonseptate, filamentous, 90 degree branching, indian in, capsular halos
|
|
|
Sympathetic
Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers release what? |
Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers releases norepinephrine
|
|
|
Cryptococcus Neoformans
|
Monomorphic
|
|
|
Sabouraud’s Agar
|
Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
|
|
|
Candida
|
Yeast normally, pseudo & true hyphae in tissue infections
|
|
|
Fatty degeneration
|
Made up primarily of triglycerides
Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis Associated w/ CCl4- |
|
|
Aspergillus Fumigatum
|
45 degree branching point, asoc’d w/ cystic fibrosis & burns pt
|
|
|
FMR1 Gene Defect
|
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
|
|
|
Cocciodes
|
Hyphae in wild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida & Hyphae. Sherules w/ endospores
|
|
|
Briquet’s Syndrome
|
Somatization disorder
Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology |
|
|
Histoplasma Cap
|
Hyphae in wild. Microcondida w/ tuberculate macrocondida. Fac intracellular. In the tissue it’s a yeast w/ a small neck.
|
|
|
Barr Body
|
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY\
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO |
|
|
Blastomycosis
|
Hyphae in wild
|
|
|
Cloudy swelling
|
Failure of cellular Na pump
Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver |
|
|
Sporothrix Schenkii
|
Hyphae in wild. Potas iodide in milk. Pneumonia in alcoholics.
|
|
|
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
|
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation |
|
|
PCP
|
Obligate parasite. Kills type I pneumo cells. Ground glass
|
|
|
Parasympathetic
Post-gang. parasympathetic fibers release what? |
Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach
|
|
|
Gram (-) Bugs w/ Exotoxins
|
E. Coli; V. Cholera; Bordetella Pertussis
|
|
|
Scleroderma :”CREST”
|
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
|
|
|
Dermatophytes
|
Trichophyton: SHN
Microsporium: SH Epidermophyton: SN Tinea tavus: permanent hair loss |
|
|
Hydropic degeneration
|
Severe form of cloudy swelling
Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea |
|
|
E. Histolitica
|
Transmission: Cysts
Diagnosis: Trophozoites or cysts in stool |
|
|
Cretinism
|
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button |
|
|
Giardia
|
Transmission: Cysts
Diagnosis: Trophozoites or cysts in stool |
|
|
Broca’s Aphasia
|
Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45) intact comprehension
|
|
|
Cryptosporidium
|
Transmission: Cysts
Diagnosis: acid fast oocysts |
|
|
Hemochromatosis Triad
|
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to increased Fe3+ deposition
|
|
|
Balantium C.
|
Transmission: Cysts
Diagnosis: Trophozoites or cysts in stool |
|
|
Liquefactive necrosis
|
Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation |
|
|
Trichomonas V.
|
Transmission: Trophozoites
Diagnosis: Motile trophozoites |
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
Clozapine, Chloramphenical
|
|
|
Vivax
|
Fever: Benign 3 degrees
Fever spike: 48h Enlarged host cell |
|
|
M3-r & Eye
Effect of (+) M3-r on eye |
Contracts sphincter = miosis.
Contracts ciliary = accomodation. |
|
|
Ovale
|
Fever: Benign 3 degrees
Fever spike: 48h oval/jagged |
|
|
Aplastic Anemia
|
Chloramphenicol
NSAIDs Benzene |
|
|
Malariae
|
Fever: 4 degrees of Malarial
Fever spike: 72 irregular Crescent |
|
|
Coagulation necrosis
|
Result of sudden ischemia
Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen |
|
|
Falciparum
|
Fever: malignant 3 degrees
|
|
|
Atropine-like Side Effects
|
Tricyclics
|
|
|
Fastest growing tumor
|
Burkitt’s
|
|
|
Brown-Sequard
|
Hemisection of cord (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)
|
|
|
PE’s are found in
|
half of all autopsies
|
|
|
Cardiotoxicity
|
Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin |
|
|
Courvoisier’s Law:
|
tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder you’re probably looking at cancer.
|
|
|
Caseation necrosis
|
Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
|
|
Only DNA virus to replicate in cytoplasm:
|
Pox
|
|
|
Cartilage Damage in Children
|
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)
|
|
|
Only RNA virus to replicate in nucleus:
|
Influenza
|
|
|
M2-r & Heart
Effects of (+) M2-r on heart |
Negative chronotropy: decr HR = vagal arrest
Negative inotropy: decr contractility |
|
|
The only protein capsule
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
Cinchonism
|
Quinidine
|
|
|
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
|
elicits lymphocytosis rather than granulocytosis
|
|
|
Fibrinoid necrosis
|
Seen in the walls of small arteries
Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis |
|
|
Bronchioalveolar carcinomas
|
grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung
|
|
|
Cough
|
ACE Inhibitors
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
often lacks a capsule and, when stained with GMS, looks just like Pneumycistis carinii, except that Cryptococcus lacks the prominent nucleoli.
|
|
|
Bruton’s Disease
|
X-linked agammaglobinemia (decreased B cells)
|
|
|
Weil Felix reaction:
|
(+)R. rickettssi & (+)Proteus vulgaris & P. mirabilis
|
|
|
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
|
Lithium (Txt w/ Amiloride)
|
|
|
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) tests:
|
1)VDRL
2)FTA-Abs: most widely used 3)TPI (immobilization test – most expensive but the Gold Standard) |
|
|
Fat necrosis
|
Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results |
|
|
IL1
|
Source: Monocytes, macrophages
Function: Stimulates T cell proliferation & IL2 produciton |
|
|
Disulfiram-like Effect
|
Metronidazole
Sulfonylureas (1st generation) |
|
|
IL2
|
Source: Macrophages, T & NK cells
Function: Stim prolif of B, T & NK cell |
|
|
M3-r & Lung
Effect of (+) M3-r on lung |
Bronchospasm --> incr secretions
|
|
|
IL3
|
Source: T cells
Function: GF of tissue mast cells & hematopoietic stem cells |
|
|
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
|
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)
|
|
|
IL4
|
Source: T cells
Function: ↑ growth of B & T cells/ ↑ HLA II Ags |
|
|
Hemoptysis
|
Blood in sputum
|
|
|
IL5
|
Source: T cells
Function: Maturation of B → plasma cell |
|
|
Fanconi’s Syndrome
|
Tetracycline
|
|
|
IL6
|
Source: T cells, monocytes
Function: Maturation of B & T cell/ (-) fibroblasts |
|
|
Budd-Chiari
|
Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure
|
|
|
IFN α
|
Source: B cells, macrophages
Function: Antiviral activity |
|
|
Fatal Hepatotoxicity (necrosis)
|
Valproic Acid
Halothane Acetaminophen |
|
|
IFN β
|
Source: Fibroblasts
Function: Antiviral activity |
|
|
Pulmonary embolism
|
Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
|
|
|
IFN gamma
|
Source: T & NK cells
Function: Antiviral activity, (+) macrophages, ↑ HLA II Ags |
|
|
Gingival Hyperplasia
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
TNF α
|
Source: Macrophages, T & NK cells
Function: T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity |
|
|
M3-r & GI
Effect of (+) M3-r on GIT |
Increases motility (cramps & diarrhea)
Involuntary defecation |
|
|
TNF β
|
Source: T cells
Function: T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity |
|
|
Gray Baby Syndrome
|
Chloramphenicol
|
|
|
VHL
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 3p Von Hippel Lindau, Renal Cell CA |
|
|
Phlebothrombosis
|
From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt
As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to hypercoaguable state |
|
|
APC
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 5p Familial adenomatous polyposis, Colon CA |
|
|
Gynecomastia
|
Cimetidine
Azoles Spironolactone Digitalis |
|
|
WT-1
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 11p Wilm’s tumor |
|
|
Buerger’s Disease
|
Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities * painful ischemia * gangrene
Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke. |
|
|
Rb
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 13q Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma |
|
|
Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD-deficiency
|
Sulfonamides
Isoniazid Aspirin Ibuprofen Primaquine |
|
|
BRCA-2
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 13q Breast CA |
|
|
Saddle embolus
|
Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
Increased RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor pulmonale |
|
|
P53
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 17p Most human Cas |
|
|
Hepatitis
|
Isoniazid
|
|
|
NF-1
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 17q Neurofibromatosis type 1 |
|
|
Tacrine
Drug type, therapeutic use |
Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
Txt Alzheimer’s |
|
|
BRCA-1
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 17q Breast CA, Ovarian CA |
|
|
Hot Flashes, Flushing
|
Niacin
Tamoxifen Ca++ Channel Blockers |
|
|
DCC
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 18q Colon & stomach CA |
|
|
Paradoxical embolism
|
Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect |
|
|
DPC
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 18q Pancreatic CA |
|
|
Induce CP450
|
Barbiturates – Phenobarbital
Phenytoin Carbamazepine Rifampin |
|
|
NF-2
|
Tumor suppressor gene
Chrom. 22q Neurofibromatosis type 2 = bilateral acoustic neuroma |
|
|
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
|
Small noncleaved cell lymphoma EBV
8:14 translocation Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues Starry sky appearance |
|
|
Resistance in series
|
Add all
|
|
|
Inhibit CP450
|
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole |
|
|
Resistance in Parallel
|
Invert the answer
|
|
|
Tuberculoid granuloma
|
Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections |
|
|
Filtration Fraction =
|
GFR/RPF
GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate RPF: Renal Plasma Flow |
|
|
Interstitial Nephritis
|
Methicillin
NSAIDs (except Aspirin) Furosemide Sulfonamides |
|
|
Filtered Load =
|
GFR x [Conc]
Excretion Rate = [Urine] x VolUrine |
|
|
Atropine
Drug of choice for what? |
DOC w/ vagal arrest
|
|
|
Clearance =
|
([urine] x Vol(urine))/[plasma]
or Excretion/[plasma] |
|
|
Monday Disease
|
Nitroglycerin Industrial exposure --> tolerance during week--> loss of tolerance during weekend --> headache, -ach, dizziness upon re-exposure
|
|
|
Clearance of PAH =
|
[ERPF]
EPRF = Eff renal plasma flow |
|
|
Cellulitis
|
Spreading infection due to streptococcus
Can also be a cause of post-strep GN (dont always just think of strep throat) |
|
|
ERPF =
|
Eff renal plasma flow
|
|
|
Orange Body Fluids
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
Renal Blood Flow =
|
EPRF/(1-Hct)
EPRF = Eff renal plasma flow |
|
|
Caisson Disease
|
Nitric gas emboli
|
|
|
Free Water Clearance =
|
VelUrine - ((urine (osm) x Vel (urine))/ P(osm)
|
|
|
Positive Coombs’ Test
|
Methyldopa
|
|
|
CO =
|
HR x SV
|
|
|
PSA
|
Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
|
|
|
CO =
|
O2(consumed)/(pulmonaryA-VO2 difference)
|
|
|
Pulmonary Fibrosis
|
Bleomycin
Amiodarone |
|
|
Pulse Pressure =
|
Systolic – Diastolic
|
|
|
Glycoperrolate
Drug type, effect, therapeutic use |
M-r inhibitor
Antispasmodic Txt peptic ulcers. |
|
|
MAP =
|
Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
|
|
|
Red Man Syndrome
|
Vancomycin
|
|
|
CO
|
MAP/TRP
|
|
|
Elevated 5-HT seen with...
|
In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
|
|
|
MAP =
|
TPR x CO
|
|
|
Severe HTN with Tyramine
|
MAOIs
|
|
|
F =
|
P1 - P2 / R
|
|
|
Chagas’ Disease
|
Chagas’ Disease
|
|
|
PAO2 =
|
(760 – 47) FO2 - (PACO2/R)
FO2 = [O2] PACO2 = Alv. Press. Of CO2 R = Resp. Exchange Ratio (CO2 produced / O2 consumed) = 0.8 or 1 |
|
|
SLE-like Syndrome
|
Procainamide
Hydralazine INH |
|
|
Flow =
|
O2 consumed / AtoVO2difference
|
|
|
increased alphafeto-protein seen with...
|
Hepatocarcinoma
Neural tube defects |
|
|
Vel gas diffusion:
|
(Area/thickness) x gas diffusion Constant x Difference of Partial Press
|
|
|
Tardive Dyskinesia
|
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine) Clozapine: only antipsychotic to not give you tardive dyskinesia
|
|
|
VentTot =
|
Vent Tidal x # of respirations
|
|
|
Pirenzepine
Drug type, effect, therapeutic use |
M-r(-)
Antispasmodic Txt peptic ulcers. |
|
|
Vent Alv =
|
(Vent Tidal - Vent Dead) x # of respirations
|
|
|
Tinnitus
|
Aspirin
Quinidine |
|
|
Compliance =
|
Vol/ pressure
|
|
|
CEA
|
Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
|
|
|
P =
|
Tension / Radius
|
|
|
Lactose formers
|
“CEEK”
Citrobacter Enterobacter E.Coli (K1 capsule most important) Klebsiella |
|
|
Va/Q =
|
1.0
|
|
|
Chediak-Higashi Disease
|
(AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization
Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph |
|
|
Diffusing capacity
|
CO uptake / PACO2
|
|
|
Non lactose formers
|
SHYPS”
Shigella Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis) Proteus Salmonella |
|
|
Resp Doubles:
|
150mmHg & 40mmHg
|
|
|
Chromosome 13
|
Retinoblastoma
|
|
|
New PO2 =
|
170
|
|
|
May lack color
|
“These rascals may microscopically lack color”:
Treponema Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia |
|
|
New PCO2 =
|
20
|
|
|
Conn’s Syndrome
|
Primary Aldosteronism: HTN; retain Na+ & H2O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis); decreased renin
|
|
|
increased cAMP
|
“CAPE”
Cholera Anthracis (Poly D glutamate capsule) Pertusis (via Gi) E.coli (LT enterotoxin) |
|
|
Chromosome 11p
|
Wilms tumor of the kidney
|
|
|
Have Capsules [ie… are Quellung Reaction (+)]
|
“Some killers have pretty nice capsules”
Strep. Pneumoniae Klebsiella HiB Pseudamona Aeroginosa Neisseria meningitis Cryptococcus neoformans (only encapsulated fungal pathogen) |
|
|
Doxacurium
Drug type?, cardiovascular side effect?, histamine release? |
Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r
No cardiovascular side effects No Histamine release. |
|
|
Dimorphic Fungi
|
"Can Also Have Both Shapes”
Cocciodes Aspergillus Histolpasma Blastomyces Sprothrix schenkii |
|
|
Vinyl Chloride
|
Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
|
|
|
Have Beta Prophage
|
OBED
O = Salmonella B = Botulinum E = Erythrogenic strep D = Diptheria |
|
|
Cori’s Disease
|
Type III Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def. increased Glycogen)
|
|
|
Spore Forming Bacteria
|
Bacilus & Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)
|
|
|
Agent Orange
|
Contains dioxin
Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas |
|
|
IgA Proteases
|
Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae
|
|
|
Beta bungarotoxin
Effect, site of action |
Prevent the release of Ach from vesicles @ the pre synaptic nerve ending
|
|
|
Widal Test
|
Salmonella (Salmonella begins in the ileocecal region) agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmunella Ags
|
|
|
Parasites & CA
|
Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
S. mansoni = Colon CA Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen |
|
|
Wayson’s Stain
|
Yersinia
|
|
|
alpha bungarotoxin
Drug type, effect |
Irreversible Ach-r inhibitor = decrease action potentials
|
|
|
Pneumonic Plaque Transmission
|
Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea
|
|
|
Ochronosis
|
Alkaptonuria
Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage |
|
|
Splenectomy
|
Predisposes to septicemia
|
|
|
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
|
Prion infection --> cerebellar & cerebral degeneration
|
|
|
Invasins
|
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
|
|
|
Lead poisoning
|
Acid fast inclusion bodies
increased urinary coproprophyrin Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic Stippling of the basophils Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray Mental retardation |
|
|
Fusiform
|
Vincent’s trench mouth
|
|
|
alpha-1 & Eye
Effect of (+) alpha-1 on eye |
Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation)
|
|
|
S. viridans
|
Dextran mediated adherence
|
|
|
Heroin OD, clinically
|
Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
|
|
|
Obligate Anaerobes
|
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides
|
|
|
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
|
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)
Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy |
|
|
Obligate Aerobes
|
Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium
|
|
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
|
|
|
Staph aureus
|
A Protein, Catalase +/ Coagulase +
|
|
|
Crohn’s
|
IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas
(contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, increase colon cancer risk) Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures |
|
|
Spirochetes
|
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
|
|
|
Atypical mycobacterium
|
M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
|
|
|
Non Motile Gram (+) Rods
|
Corenybacterium D & Nocardia
|
|
|
alpha-1 & Arterioles
Effect of (+) a-1 on arterioles, TPR, diastolic pressure, afterload |
Constriction
Increases TPR = increases diastolic pressure = increases afterload |
|
|
Acid Fast Organisms
|
Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Legionella micdadei; Isospora
|
|
|
Cold abscesses
|
Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
|
|
|
Pigment Producing Bacteria
|
Serratia – red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)
Pseudomonas A – piocyanin blue/green Staph Aureus – yellow – Protein A Mycobacteria – photo/scoto chromogenic – caritinoid – yellow/orange Corneybacterium D – black/gray – pseudomembrane plaque in throat Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus – black (heme) E. coli – irredescent green sheen |
|
|
Cushing’s
|
Disease: Hypercorticism secondary to increased ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)
Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1* adrenal or ectopic) moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia |
|
|
Bacterial Morphology
|
Pneumococci – lancet shaped diplococci
Neisseria – kidney bean shaped diplococci Camphylobacter – gulls’ wings/comas Vibrio Cholera – coma shaped Corneybacterium D – club shaped (nonmotile, G+Rod) Yersinia – safety pin seen in Wayson’s stain |
|
|
Actinomyces isrealli
|
Farmers infection
Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus |
|
|
Inclusion Bodies
|
Rabies – Negri bodies – intracytoplasmic
Pox virus – Guarnieri – intracytoplasmic & acidophilic CMV – Owl’s eyes – intracytoplasmic & intranuclear HSV – Cowdry bodies – intranuclear |
|
|
alpha-1 & Venules
Effect of (+) a-1 on venules, venous return, preload |
Constriction
Increases venous return = increases preload |
|
|
Schistosoma Japonicum Monsoni
|
Intestinal – contact w/ bad water
|
|
|
Congenital Syphilis
|
Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
|
|
|
Schistosoma Haematolium
|
Vesicular – contact w/ bad water
|
|
|
Cushing’s Ulcer
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma
|
|
|
Non Human Schistosom
|
Swimmer’s itch – contact w/ bad water
|
|
|
Warthin-Finkeledy cells
|
Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus |
|
|
Clonorchichis
|
Chinese liver fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
|
|
|
alpha-1 & Sex Function
Effect of (+) a-1 on sex function |
Ejaculation
|
|
|
Fasciola Hepatica
|
Sheep – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
|
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
|
|
|
Fasciola Biski
|
Giant intestinal flukes – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
|
|
|
de Quervain’s Thyroiditis
|
Self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)
|
|
|
Paragonimus Westermani
|
Lung fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
|
|
|
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
|
alpha Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
|
|
|
Oxidase (+)
|
Neiserria and most Gram (-)s
|
|
|
Increase Diastolic
Incr what autonomic receptor to inc diastolic? |
Incr alpha-1 = incr TPR
|
|
|
Micro Aerophilic
|
Camphylobacter & Helicobacter
|
|
|
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
|
Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
Common among drug addicts & diabetics |
|
|
Urease (+)
|
All Proteus – can cause Staghorn/Struvite calculi (NH4- Mg2- stones): alkaline urine
Ureaplasma Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter) Cryptococcus Nocardia |
|
|
DiGeorge’s Syndrome
|
Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches formation: Thymus & Parathyroid
Thymic hypoplasia * T-cell deficiency Hypoparathyroidism --> Tetany |
|
|
Coagulase (+)
|
Staph A & Yersenia pestis
|
|
|
Mitral Insufficiency
|
Ruptured papillary muscle
|
|
|
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
|
Treponema palidum & Pneumocystis Carinii (cannot be cultured on inert media but can be found extra cellularly in the body)
|
|
|
Decrease Diastolic
Incr what autonomic receptor? Name drug types that can achieve dec diastolic. |
Incr beta-2
Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics |
|
|
Haemophilus Factors
|
Haemophilus Factors
|
|
|
Left Anterior Descending branch
|
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum |
|
|
All cocci are
|
Gram (+) except for Neisseria & Moraxella
|
|
|
Down’s Syndrome
|
Trisomy 21 or translocation – Simian Crease
|
|
|
“Eaton Fried Eggs”
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried egg colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)
|
|
|
Left Circumflex branch
|
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV |
|
|
Mycoplasma
|
No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria.
P1 protein inhs ciliary action Fried egg colonies Atypical pneumonia – young adults |
|
|
Beta-1 & Heart
Effect of (+) b-1 on heart |
(+)chronotropism = Inc HR.
(+)inotropism = Incr contractility; incr SV; incr CO; incr O2 consumption. Incr conduction velocity |
|
|
Sabrands
|
Fungal media
|
|
|
Dissecting Aneurysm
|
False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim |
|
|
Malassazia furfur
|
Spaghetti & meat ball
|
|
|
Dressler’s Syndrome
|
Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis autoimmune
|
|
|
Measles’ 3C’s
|
Cough – Coryza – Conjunctivitis. Can also have photophobia
May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |
|
|
Cor Pulmonale
|
Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
|
|
|
Non Motile Bacilli & Clostridium
|
B. Anthracis & C. Perfringens
|
|
|
Phenylephrine
Drug type, therapeutic use |
alpha-1 (+)
Nasal decongestant. |
|
|
Bloody diarrhea agents
|
EIEC – EHEC – Shigella - Yersenia enterocolitica – Entaemeba histolytica – Salmonella – Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
Acute Cor Pulmonale
|
Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
|
|
|
YW-135CA
|
N. meningitidis vaccine capsualr polysaccharide strains
|
|
|
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
|
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) = bilirubin transposrt is defective not conjugation
Striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver |
|
|
Indian Ink
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
Bronchopneumonia
|
Lobular (rather than lobar)
Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli Abscess formation is common |
|
|
Naegleria causes
|
Colonization in the nasal passages after swimming
|
|
|
Beta-2(+) Asthma Drugs
Name them. |
Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine; Salmeterol
|
|
|
Need Cysyeine for growth
|
“Ella likes cysteine”:
Francisella Brucella Legionella Pasturella |
|
|
Lobar pneumonia
|
Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media |
|
|
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
|
1. Infantile Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
2. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 3. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 4. Hereditary Spherocytosis 5. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 6. Marfan’s Syndrome 7. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) 8. Tuberous Sclerosis 9. Von Hippel Lindau Disease |
|
|
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
|
Deficiency of dystrophin protein --> MD X-linked recessive
|
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
465. Heparin
466. Corticosteroids |
|
|
Bronchiectasis
|
Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
Supparation associated Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement |
|
|
Protozoa
|
89. Plasmodium; Toxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma Cruzi
|
|
|
Ritodrine/Turbutaline
Effect, therapeutic use |
Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains
|
|
|
Obligate Non Intracellular Parasites
|
90. Treponema palidum & Pneumocystis Carinii (cannot be cultured on inert media but can be found extra cellularly in the body)
|
|
|
Panlobular Emphysema
|
alpha1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing increase in elastase, leading to decrease in lung compliance
Starts in lower lobes but can involve the whole lung |
|
|
Edwards’ Syndrome
|
Trisomy 18
Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, small lower jaw, heart disease |
|
|
Bulla
|
Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
|
|
|
Phentolamine
Effects, therapeutic use |
Epi reversal. Blocks alpha -> vasodilation occurs.
Pt goes from HyperTN to HypoTN. Txt pheochromocytoma = decrease BP |
|
|
Farmer’s Lung
|
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
|
|
|
Ehler’s-Danlos
|
Defective collagen
|
|
|
Bagassosis
|
Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
Inhalation of sugar cane dust |
|
|
Terazosin
Therapeutic use? |
Txt BPH
|
|
|
Silo-Filler’s Lung
|
Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
|
|
|
Eisenmenger’s Complex
|
Late cyanotic shunt (R--> L) pulmonary HTN & RVH secondary to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA
|
|
|
G6PDH Deficiency
|
Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs |
|
|
Yohimbine
Drug type, effect, therapeutic use |
Incr sympathetic outflow = alpha-2 (-).
Txt impotence. |
|
|
increased HbF seen in...
|
Sickle Cell Anemia
|
|
|
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
|
Trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus Waiter’s Tip
|
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
|
|
|
Cardioselective NMJ
Name a drug, effect, mech of action |
Pancuronium = Incr HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic vagolytic effect & Gallamine-r inhibitor
|
|
|
Hodgkin’s Disease
|
Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
Reed Sternberg cells |
|
|
Ewing Sarcoma
|
Malignant undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone in boys <15yoa - t11;22
|
|
|
Polyarteritis Nodosa
|
Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag Can see fever, abd. pain, weight loss, HTN, muscle aches |
|
|
Ecothiophate
Drug type? |
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
|
|
|
Sprue
|
Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & ↑ IgA levels |
|
|
Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat
|
Carcinoma in situ on glans penis
|
|
|
Regional Enteritis
|
Crohn’s Disease
Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum |
|
|
Pyridostigmine
Type of drug, effect, mech of action, therapeutic use |
Cholinomimetic that incr M & N-r effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase
DOC for the oral treatment of myastenia gravis |
|
|
Whipple’s Disease
|
Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
|
|
|
Fanconi’s Syndrome
|
Impaired proximal tubular reabsorption secondary to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)
|
|
|
Kulchitsky cells
|
Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
|
|
|
Digoxin
Effect, mech of action |
Decr AV nodal conduction
Inhibits Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in heart cells = inc. contraction force |
|
|
Ulcerative Colitis
|
Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ increased colon CA incidence
Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep Not transmural involvement |
|
|
Felty’s Syndrome
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly
|
|
|
Vaginal Adenosis
|
Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix |
|
|
Diltiazem
Most common group to use Drug type, therapeutic use |
Black men
Calcium channel blocker Txt AV nodal re-entrance = txt high BP and angina |
|
|
Scirrhous Carcinoma
|
Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
|
|
|
Gardner’s Syndrome
|
AD = adenomatous polyps of colon, osteomas & soft tissue tumors
|
|
|
Hofbauer Cells
|
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
|
|
|
Quinidine
Effect, adverse effects |
Decr AV nodal conduction.
AE: Cinchonism. Anticholinergic = aggravate MG. Hypotension= alpha block |
|
|
Retinopathy of Prematurity
|
Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
|
|
|
Gaucher’s Disease
|
Lysosomal Storage Disease glucocerebrosidase deficiency – glucocerebroside accumulation
Hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia |
|
|
IgA deficiency
|
Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ increased respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction |
|
|
Verapamil
Effect, therapeutic use, contraindication |
Decrease AV nodal conduction
Decreases BP. CI: Negative inotrope= no CHF use |
|
|
Primary Sjorgen’s
|
Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. Increased risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
|
|
|
Gilbert’s Syndrome
|
Benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) = decreased d glucuronyl transferase activity
|
|
|
Secondary Sjorgen’s
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
RA association shows HLA-DR4 |
|
|
Propranolol
Effect, therapeutic use, adverse effect |
Decr AV nodal conduction
Decr BP AE: Negative inotrope(= beta block) Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via beta-2 block. |
|
|
LDH1 & LDH2
|
From myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
|
|
|
Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia
|
Defective glycoproteins on platelets = deficient platelet aggregation
|
|
|
LDH3
|
Found in lung tissue
|
|
|
Diazoxide
Drug type |
Balanced vasodilator.
|
|
|
LDH4 & LDH5
|
Found in liver cells
|
|
|
Goodpasture’s
|
Autoimmune: ab’s to glomerular & alveolar basement membranes. Seen in men in their 20’s
|
|
|
Keratomalacia
|
Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
|
|
|
Nitroprusside
Effect, therapeutic use, adverse effect & its counter |
Balanced vasodilator -> unloads heart.
Txt Acute HTN crisis AE & counter: Increases cyanide = pre-txt w/ thiosulfate. |
|
|
Metabisfite Test
|
Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2 |
|
|
Grave’s Disease
|
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI): IgG Ab reactive w/ TSH receptors. Low TSH & TRH – High T3 / T4
|
|
|
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
|
Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells |
|
|
Reserpine
Therapeutic use, mech of action, adverse effect, contraindication |
Txt severe & resistant HTN.
Depletes catecholamine monoamine AE: See stuffy nose. CI: No to pts w/ peptic ulcers. |
|
|
Wright’s stain
|
Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
|
|
|
Guillain-Barre
|
Polyneuritis following viral infection/ autoimmune (ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)
|
|
|
Mononucleosis
|
Due to EBV infection
If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur. |
|
|
Dobutamine
Effect of high dose and site of action |
At high doses beta-2(+) which offsets alpha1 which mimics beta-1 effect --> Increases CO w/o systemic vascular resistance
|
|
|
t(8;14)
|
Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
|
|
|
Hamman-Rich Syndrome
|
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can see honey comb lung.
|
|
|
t(9;22)
|
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
|
|
|
Dopamine
Therapeutic use, mechanism of action |
At low doses, used to txt shock by dilating renal and mesenteric aa -> maintain urine output
|
|
|
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
|
Letter Sirwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape |
|
|
Hand-Schuller-Christian
|
Chronic progressive histiocytosis
|
|
|
Myeloid Metaplasia
|
Alkaline phosphatase is increased/normal; compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis |
|
|
Esmolol
Drug type |
Short acting beta antagonist
|
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; increased proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx
Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA Hypercalcemia (increased bone destruction) |
|
|
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
|
Autoimmune hypothyroidism. May have transient hyperthyroidism. Low T3 /T4 & High TSH
|
|
|
t(14;18)
|
NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
|
|
|
Captopril
Drug type, therapeutic use, adverse effect |
Balanced vasodilator.
Txt outpatient CHF AE: Dry cough(bradykinin induced) |
|
|
Focal Segmental GN exs
|
IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
|
|
|
Hashitoxicosis
|
Initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
|
Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
|
|
|
Digoxin
Therapeutic use, adverse effect |
Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter via its inotropic effect
AE: Decrease K+ levels -> digitoxin toxicity |
|
|
Schistosoma Haematobium
|
Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction |
|
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
Hypersensivity vasculitis = allergic purpura. Lesions have the same age.
Hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal involvement) Associated with upper respiratory infections |
|
|
Penicillin Resistant PID
|
PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
|
|
|
Digitoxin toxicity
Presentation |
Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ severe AV block
|
|
|
Duret Hemorrhages
|
Severe increase in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas |
|
|
Hirschprung’s Disease
|
Aganglionic megacolon
|
|
|
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
|
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
|
|
|
Quinidine
Drug type & class, efficacy |
Class Ia anti arrhythmic
Moderate Na channel blocker |
|
|
Cerebral Embolism from...
|
MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
|
|
|
Horner’s Syndrome
|
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often secondary to a Pancoast tumor)
|
|
|
Neurosyphilis
|
Tabes Dorsalis = decreased joint position sensation, decreased pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
Syphilitic meningitis Paretic neurosyphilis |
|
|
Lidocaine
Class type and class, effect, therapeutic use |
Class Ib anti-arrhythmic.
Normalizes conduction Txt initial MI= control arrhythmias |
|
|
5p-
|
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
|
|
|
Huntington’s (Chromosome 4)
|
AD: Progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen (striatum) & frontal cortex decreased GABA
|
|
|
Trisomy 13
|
Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
|
|
|
Flecanide
Drug type and class, effect |
Class Ic anti arrhythmic
Marked conduction slowing |
|
|
Acute Cold Agglutination
|
Antibodies to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM antibodies
Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections |
|
|
Jacksonian Seizures
|
Epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)
|
|
|
Chronic Cold Agglutination
|
Associated w/ lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
|
|
|
Amiodarone
|
Long t1/2 = need potent doses to obtain desired level for action.
See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis. |
|
|
RBC Osmotic Fragility
|
Hereditary Spherocytosis
|
|
|
NE
|
Incr AV nodal conduction via beta-1.
Metoprolol(-) beta-1 |
|
|
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas (5 types)
|
1. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
2. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene 3. Large Cell 4. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL 5. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL |
|
|
Job’s Syndrome
|
Immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli
Defective neutrophilic chemotactic response = repeated infections Commonly seen in light-skinned, red-haired girls increased IgE levels |
|
|
Singer’s Nodules
|
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
|
|
|
Kaposi Sarcoma
|
Malignant vascular tumor (HHV8 in homosexual men)
|
|
|
Paraseptal emphysema
|
Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
|
|
|
ACh
|
Decrease AV nodal conduction via M receptor.
Atorpine(-) M-r |
|
|
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
|
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
|
|
|
Kartagener’s Syndrome
|
Immotile cilia secondary to defective dynein arms infection, situs inversus, sterility
|
|
|
Betel nuts
|
Associated to oral cancer.
|
|
|
Atenolol
|
Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias
|
|
|
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
|
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
|
|
|
Kawasaki Disease
|
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in kids (acute necrotizing vasculitis of lips, oral mucosa)
|
|
|
Antral (Type B) Gastritis
|
Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
|
|
|
Bretylium
|
Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias
But causes passing catecholamine release that can aggravate arrhythmias briefly |
|
|
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
|
Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas) |
|
|
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
|
47, XXY: Long arms, Sterile, Hypogonadism
|
|
|
Acute Pancreatitis
|
increased pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; increased serum amylase
Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back |
|
|
Nimodipine
|
Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post hemorrhagic vasospasm
|
|
|
Abdominal pain radiating to the back is associated with...
|
Chronic pancreatitis
|
|
|
Kluver-Bucy
|
Bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)
|
|
|
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
|
No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
|
|
|
Atropine
|
Decrease excess vagal tone as seen in sinus bradycardia
|
|
|
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
|
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
|
|
|
Krukenberg Tumor
|
Adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to
the ovaries |
|
|
Cold Nodules
|
Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
|
|
|
Nitrates
|
Decrease preload = venous pooling.
Decrease MVO2= reflex tachy. Increase ventr work= dec O2 demand |
|
|
Acidophils
|
Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH |
|
|
Laennec’s Cirrhosis
|
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
Basophils
|
Thyrotrophs = TSH
Gonadotrophs = LH Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH |
|
|
Propranolol
|
Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady = increase diastole time = incr EDV
|
|
|
Lacunar Strokes
|
Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
Sensory: lesion of thalamus Motor: lesion of internal capsule |
|
|
Lesch-Nyhan
|
Acute disseminated Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
|
|
|
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
|
decreased glucose; increased protein; increased neutrophils; increased opening pressure
|
|
|
Verapamil
|
Increase O2 supply via decrease in vasospasm
Txt Prinzmetal’s variant angina |
|
|
CSF of Viral Meningitis
|
Normal Glucose; protein can be elevated or normal; increased Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Libman-Sacks
|
Endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets
Associated with SLE |
|
|
Marble Bone Disease
|
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of increased bone density, many fractures = decreased osteoclasts
|
|
|
Aspirin
|
Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DV Thrombi).
Inactivates COX = decrease platelet production of TxA2, a potent vasoconstictor |
|
|
C5a
|
Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
|
|
|
Lou Gehrig’s
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons
|
|
|
C3b
|
Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
|
|
|
Warfarin
|
(-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors = anticoagulation state
|
|
|
Anaphylotoxins
|
C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
|
|
|
Heparin
|
Dependent on Antithrombin III activation
|
|
|
Vasoactive Mediators (ie what are the dilators and constrictors)
|
1. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
2. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF 3. Increased Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF |
|
|
Mallory-Weis Syndrome
|
Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2* to wretching (alcoholics)
|
|
|
Platelet Aggregation
|
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
|
|
|
Marfan’s
|
Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene Dissecting aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses
|
|
|
Platelet Antagonist
|
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
|
|
|
TPA
|
Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot.
Short t1/2, given IV. Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots = bleeding & stroke complications arise |
|
|
Intrinsic Pathway
|
Factor XII (Hagman): APTT
|
|
|
McArdle’s Disease
|
Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency = increase Glycogen)
|
|
|
Extrinsic Pathway
|
Factor VII: PT
|
|
|
Streptokinase
|
From bacteria = allergies arise.
Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts. |
|
|
Lines of Zahn
|
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
|
|
|
Urokinase
|
Human source
Increase plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts. |
|
|
Currant Jelly appearance
|
Post mortem clots
|
|
|
Meckel’s Diverticulum
|
Rule of 2’s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population
Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue: gastric/pancreatic remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk |
|
|
Emigration: Chemotaxis
|
1. Margination
2. Pavementing 3. Adhesion 4. Chemotaxis 5. Phagocytosis 6. Intracellular microbial killing |
|
|
Meig’s Syndrome
|
Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax – associated w/ fibroma of ovaries
|
|
|
Transudate
|
Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
|
|
|
Colestipol
|
Bile acid sequestrants.
Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= HIGH INCREASE in LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA. |
|
|
Exudate
|
Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
|
|
|
Menetrier’s Disease
|
Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)
|
|
|
Hurler’s
|
Lysosomal storage disease (alpha L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation)
|
|
|
Lovastatin
|
HMGCoA reductase (-) = Increase LDL-r synthesis.
Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA. |
|
|
Galactosemia
|
Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase resulting in increased Galactose 1 Phosphate
|
|
|
Monckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis
|
Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)
|
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Increased Phenyalanine & degradation products
Mousy body odor |
|
|
Losartan
|
Decrease Aldosterone.
Increase Renin 2-3 times |
|
|
Autosomal Dominant Diseases (name 9)
|
1. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
2. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 3. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 4. Hereditary Spherocytosis 5. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 6. Marfan’s Syndrome 7. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) 8. Tuberous Sclerosis 9. Von Hippel Lindau Disease |
|
|
Munchausen Syndrome
|
Factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms, but doesn’t know why)
|
|
|
Autosomal Recessive Diseases (name 11)
|
1. Tay-Sachs
2. Gaucher’s 3. Niemann-Pick 4. Hurler’s 5. Von Gierke’s 6. Pompe’s 7. Cori’s 8. McArdle’s 9. Galactosemia 10. PKU 11. Alcaptonuria |
|
|
Diazoxide
|
Txt insulinomas.
Not balanced vasodilator = only dilates arterial smooth muscle |
|
|
Nelson’s Syndrome
|
primary Adrenal Cushings --> surgical removal of adrenals --> loss of negative feedback to pituitary --> Pituitary Adenoma
|
|
|
Clonidine
|
Central alpha-2(+).
Decrease TPR via decrease sympathetic effect |
|
|
Niemann-Pick
|
Lysosomal Storage Disease (sphingomyelinase deficiency – sphingomyelin accumulation)
“Foamy histiocytes” |
|
|
Methyldopa
|
Central alpha-2(+)
(++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
|
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the Mormon’s of Utah.
|
|
|
Phenytoin
|
ClassIb.
Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity |
|
|
Paget’s Disease
|
Abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures --> pain)
|
|
|
Procainamide
|
Class Ia.
SLE like syndrome. |
|
|
Pancoast Tumor
|
Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement --> Horner’s Syndrome
|
|
|
Indopamide
|
Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels
|
|
|
Parkinson’s
|
Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts
|
|
|
Thiazides
|
Older black men w/ HTN due to increase Renin.
|
|
|
Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome (AD)
|
Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia + hamartomatous polyps of small intestine
|
|
|
Beta antagonist
|
Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)
|
|
|
Peyronie’s Disease
|
Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis
|
|
|
ACEIs
|
(-) change AI --> AII.
(-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly |
|
|
Pick’s Disease – 2 Different Diseases -
|
1. Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer’s
2. Constrictive pericarditis – sequel to mediastinal tuberculosis Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer – heart chambers may be unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole |
|
|
Epinephrine
|
Incr contraction rate & force via beta-1.
Incr systolic but decr diastolic BP. Decr peripheral resistance via beta-2 vasodilation |
|
|
Plummer’s Syndrome
|
Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs (Plummer’s = Grave’s - eye signs)
|
|
|
Norepinephrine
|
Increase heart rate and increase systolic and diastolic BP
Increase peripheral blood vessel resistance |
|
|
Plummer-Vinson
|
Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped nails, increased risk of SCCA of esophagus
|
|
|
Methyldopa
|
DOC for pregnancy induced HTN
|
|
|
Pompe’s Disease
|
Type II Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease --> cardiomegaly (alpha 1,4 Glucosidase deficiency: increased in Glycogen)
|
|
|
Quinidine pre-txt
|
Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will decrease ventricular response: Dig.; beta (-); Ca Ch.(-)
|
|
|
Pott’s Disease
|
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae
|
|
|
ClassII
|
Beta (-) decreases risk for reinfarction & sudden death following MI
|
|
|
Potter’s Complex
|
Renal agenesis --> oligohydramnios --> hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities
|
|
|
“Gray man”
|
Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia
|
|
|
Raynaud’s
|
Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in young, healthy women
Phenomenon: secondary to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma) |
|
|
Beperidil
|
Ca Ch(-).
Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes |
|
|
Reiter’s Syndrome
|
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular
|
|
|
ACEIs
|
Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles: Decreases GFR & Filtration pressure
Decrease diabetic renal failure progression |
|
|
Reye’s Syndrome
|
Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy
Secondary to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness, especially VZV |
|
|
Adenosine
|
Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ie. Theophyline)
Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia |
|
|
Riedel’s Thyroiditis
|
Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid
|
|
|
Enoxaparin
|
Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant
|
|
|
Rotor Syndrome
|
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)
Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver |
|
|
Isoproterenol
|
Increases HR & decreases MAP
|
|
|
Sezary Syndrome
|
Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
|
|
|
Variant angina
|
Use Ca channel inhibitor such as Nifedipine
|
|
|
Shaver’s Disease
|
Aluminum inhalation --> lung fibrosis
|
|
|
Contraindicated in CHF
|
Beta inhibitor = you don’t want to decrease the heart’s pumping strength
|
|
|
Sheehan’s Syndrome
|
Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock usually occurred during delivery
|
|
|
“TOM”
|
1. Short –acting BDZs:
2. Triazolam 3. Onazelam 4. Midazolam |
|
|
Shy-Drager
|
Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
Butyrophenone
|
Haloperidol & Droperidol
|
|
|
Simmond’s Disease
|
Pituitary cachexia – can occur from either pituitary tumors or Sheehan’s
|
|
|
Atypical D4
|
Clozapine – Thioridazine – Olanzepine – Risperidone = Do not cause EPS
|
|
|
Sipple’s Syndrome
|
MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary CA, hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
Flumazenil
|
BDZ antidote for OD
|
|
|
Sjogren’s Syndrome
|
Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis increased risk of B-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
Methylphenidate
|
Txt attention deficit disorder
|
|
|
Spitz Nevus
|
Juvenile melanoma (always benign)
|
|
|
Phenytoin
|
Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate
|
|
|
Stein-Leventhal
|
Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity; hirsutism = huge increase in LH secretion
|
|
|
Thiopental
|
Short acting Barb
|
|
|
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
|
Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration (often secondary to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)
|
|
|
Carbamazepine
|
DOC trigeminal neuralgia.
Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids |
|
|
Still’s Disease
|
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)
|
|
|
Atypical D4-r
|
Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine
|
|
|
Takayasu’s arteritis
|
Aortic arch syndrome
Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease. Night sweats. Common in young Asian females |
|
|
Pimozide
|
Txt Tourette’s
|
|
|
Tay-Sachs (AR)
|
Gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency --> GM2 ganglioside) Cherry Red Spots of the Macula
|
|
|
Risperidone
|
Good for negative symptoms
|
|
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis, 4.right ventricular hypertrophy
"PROVe" |
|
|
Thioridazine
|
Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic
|
|
|
Tourette’s Syndrome
|
Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal Txt w/ Pimozide
|
|
|
Haloperidol
|
Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine
|
|
|
Turcot’s Syndrome
|
Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors
|
|
|
Imirpamine
|
Enurisis
|
|
|
Turner’s Syndrome
|
45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No Barr body on buccal smear.
|
|
|
Clomirpramine
|
Txt OCD
See aggressive behavior w/ use |
|
|
Vincent’s Infection
|
“Trench mouth” – acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis due to Fusobacterium
|
|
|
Trazadone
|
Priapism
|
|
|
Von Gierke’s Disease
|
Type I Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease (G6Ptase deficiency) – Glycogen accumulaiton
|
|
|
Bupropion
|
Helps to quit smoking
|
|
|
SSRIs
|
Primarily used for OCD
|
|
|
Von Hippel-Lindau
|
Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain stem, & retina
Adenomas of the viscera, especially increased risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma Chromosome 3p |
|
|
Von Recklinghausen’s
|
Neurofibromatosis & café au lait spots & Lisch nodules (Chromosome 17)
|
|
|
Fluoxetine
|
Good for negative symptoms
|
|
|
Von Recklinghausen’s Disease of Bone
|
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown tumor”) secondary to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic resorption w/
fibrous replacement |
|
|
Phenelzine
|
Irreversible MAOI
|
|
|
Von Willebrand’s Disease (AD)
|
Defect in platelet adhesion secondary to deficiency in vWF. increased aPPT, increased Bleed time
|
|
|
Lithium
|
1. Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder
2. Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3 3. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 4. Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity |
|
|
Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia
|
Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 50-70 yoa; PAS(+) Dutcher bodies
|
|
|
Alprazolam
|
DOC stage fright
|
|
|
Wallenberg’s Syndrome
|
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis “Medullary Syndrome”
Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp |
|
|
Propranolol
|
Social phobia
|
|
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen
|
Adrenal insufficiency secondary to DIC
DIC secondary to meningiococcemia |
|
|
kappa-r
|
Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.
|
|
|
Weber’s Syndrome
|
Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain
Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body) |
|
|
mu-r
|
Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.
|
|
|
Wegener’s Granulomatosis
|
Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.
c-ANCA positive |
|
|
Morphine & O2
|
Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation= decreases CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing.
|
|
|
Weil’s Disease
|
Icteric Leptospirosis non-icteric prgresses to renal failure & myocarditis
Dark field microscopy for dx |
|
|
Morphine
|
Increases ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma
|
|
|
Wermer’s Syndrome
|
MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary
|
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Morphine OD
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1. pinpoint pupils
2. decreases respiraiton 3. coma |
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Meperidine
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Anesthetic used during labor
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Wernicke’s Aphasia
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Sensory Aphasia impaired comprehension
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (mediodorsal nucleua) (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)
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Hydromorphone
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mu-agonist used in renal failure
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Whipple’s Disease
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Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis
Due to Trophoryma whippeli (an actinomycetes) |
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Tramadol
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Ambulatory txt for moderate to severe pain
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Wilson’s Disease
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Hepatolenticular degeneration (copper accumulation [Txt w/ Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)
Mallory Bodies in the Liver & also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline change Chromosome 13 |
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Naloxone
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Txt opioid OD.
Reverses respiratory depression |
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Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
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Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)
decreased IgM w/ increased IgA |
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Pentazocine
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Part kappa(+) & part mu(-)
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Wolff-Chaikoff Effect
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High iodine level (*)’s thyroid hormone synthesis
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Butorphenol
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Part kappa (+) & part mu (-)
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Zenker’s Diverticulum
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Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES
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Nalbuphene
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Part kappa (+) & part mu (-)
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Zollinger-Ellison
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Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) --> increased acid --> recurrent ulcers
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Decrease GABA
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Decrease seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs
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Roger’s Disease
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Interventricular septal defect
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Decrease Fast Na Ch.
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Decrease electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine
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Barlow’s Syndrome
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Floppy vale syndrome (Mitral valve prolapse) – women b/t 20-40 yoa
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Methoxyflurane
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Can be nephrotoxic.
Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction. |
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Bracht-Wachter Lesions
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Bracht-Wachter Lesions
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Enflurane
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Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms
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Lutembacher’s Syndrome
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Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/ mitral stenosis
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Isoflurane
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Can cause bronchospasm
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Schmidt’s Syndrome
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Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (Hashimoto’s ) & insulin-dependent diabetes
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Halothane
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Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis
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Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation
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Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
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Nitric Oxide
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No effect on HR.
Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction. |
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Antiplatelet Antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Thiopental
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Short acting Barb.
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Arachnodactyly
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Marfan’s
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Kentamine
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Dissociative anesthetic
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Aschoff Bodies
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Rheumatic fever
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Droperidol
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Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block |
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Auer Rods
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Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)
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Fentanyl
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Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Used transdermally for chronic pain |
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Midazolam
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Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia
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Autosplenectomy
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Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu --> val in beta chain
Low O2 increased sickling Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection Salmonella osteomyelitis Vaso-occlusive painful crisises Hydroxyurea as Txt (increased HbF) & Bone marrow transplant |
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Babinski
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UMN lesion
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Primidone
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Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
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Basophilic Stippling of RBCs
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Lead poisoning
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C & A delta Fibers
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First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia
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Bence Jones Protein
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Multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda)
Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia |
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Esters
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Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine
Broken down and make PABA (allergen) |
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Birbeck Granules
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Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
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Amides
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Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= “i” before “caine” always an amide
Metabolized in the liver |
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Blue Bloater
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Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic recurrent productive cough)
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Amphetamine
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DA reuptake (-)’r.
MAOI Parkinson’s txt |
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Boot-Shaped Heart
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Bromocriptine
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D2(+)
Used w/ L-Dopa for “on-off” phenomenon of Parkinson’s |
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Bouchard’s Nodes
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Osteoarthritis (Proximal IP joint of the fingers)
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Benztropine
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Decreases DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.
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Boutonniere’s Deformity
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Rheumatoid arthritis flex proximal & extend distal IP joints
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Diphenhydramine
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Txt early Parkinson’s stages
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Brown Tumor
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Pergolide
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More effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine
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Brushfield Spots
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Down’s
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Ethosuximide
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DOC for Absence seizures
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Call-Exner Bodies
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Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma
Granuloma-Theca cell tumor |
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Tranylcypromine
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MAOI = antidepressant
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Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy
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Chagas’ Disease
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SSRI & MAOI
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Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)
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Chancre
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Primary Syphilis
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Labor opioids
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Meperidine & Nalbuphine
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Chancroid
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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Desipramine causes
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Sudden cardaic death in children
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Charcot Triad
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Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
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Primaquine
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1. Malaria prophylaxis
2. Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale |
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Charcot-Leyden Crystals
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Bronchial asthma
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Ciporfloxacin
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Quinolone derivative
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Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
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Cerebral lesion
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Sulfonamides
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1. PABA structural analogs
2. Inhibit Folic acid synthesis |
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Chocolate Cysts
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Endometriosis
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Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception
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1. Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-) Nitrogen balance & increases BUN levels.
2. Doxycycline is the exception |
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Chvostek’s Sign
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Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany
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Ceftriazone
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1. 3rd generation cephalosporin
2. DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ie… HiB) 3. One dose txt of gonorrhea |
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Clue Cells
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Gardnerella vaginitis
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Hepatic coma DOC
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\Neomycin (aminoglycoside) – it supresses the normal flora = decreases NH4 production = decreases free nitrogen levels in the bloodstream.
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Codman’s Triangle
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Osteosarcoma
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Clavulanic acid
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Irreversible (-)r of beta lactamases, but not of transpeptidase = use w/ a beta lactamase sensitive penicillin
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Cold Agglutinins
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Infectious mononucleosis |
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Piperacillin
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Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella
Broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Condyloma Lata
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secondary Syphilis
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Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)
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Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Isoniazid
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1. Most commonly used drug for TB.
2. Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol 3. Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis‘ |
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Cotton Wool Spots
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HTN
Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions) |
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Councilman Bodies
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Dying hepatocytes – HepB
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Pyrantel Pamoate
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1. Txt of Hookworm disease
2. Depolarizing NMJ (-)r |
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Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule
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Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)
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Buy “AT” 30, “CELL” at 50
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1. A = Aminoglycosides
2. T = Tetracyclines 3. C = Chloramphenicol 4. E = Erythromycin (macrolide) 5. L = Clindamycin 6. L = Lincomycin |
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Currant-Jelly Sputum
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Currant-Jelly Sputum
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Cefoxitin
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Txt intraabdominal infections (ie… w/ Bacteroides fragilis)
Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin |
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Curschmann’s Spirals
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Bronchial asthma
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Chloramphenicol
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1. Broad spectrum antibiotic
2. Bone marrow depression (common) – Aplastic anemia (rare) 3. Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be conjugated) 4. DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection) 5. DOC HiB meningitis in kids – especially resistant strain to ampicillin |
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Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra
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Parkinson’s
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Nifurtimox
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Txt trypanosomiasis
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Donovan Bodies
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Granuloma inguinale (STD)
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Metronidazole
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1. Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis
2. Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis 3. DOC Trichomoniasis 4. DOC Giardia lamblia |
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Eburnation
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Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
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Txt P. carinii
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TMP-SMX & Pentamidine
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Ectopia Lentis
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Marfan’s
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Tetracycline
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1. Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera
2. Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 3. Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) |
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Erythema Chronicum Migrans
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Lyme Disease
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TMP-SMX
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Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase activity
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Benzathine Penicillin G
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Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for Txt of Syphilis
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Fatty Liver
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Alcoholism
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Praziquantel
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Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections)
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Ferruginous Bodies
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Asbestosis - & Iron laden
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Melarsoprol
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Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms
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Ghon Focus / Complex
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Tuberculosis (primary & secondary lesion, respectively)
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Stibogluconate
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Txt Leishmaniasis
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Glitter Cells
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Acute Pyelonephritis
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Fluconazole
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Txt fungal encephalitis
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Gower’s Maneuver
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Duchenne’s MD use of arms to stand
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Amphotericin B
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Polyene antifingal
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Heberden’s Nodes
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Osteoarthritis (Distal IP joint of the fingers)
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Ketoconazole MOA
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Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane
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Heinz Bodies
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G6PDH Deficiency
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Griseofulvin MOA
|
Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in dermatomycoses infections
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Heterophil Antibodies
|
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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Mefloquine
|
Anti malarial
Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum |
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Hirano Bodies
|
Alzheimer’s
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Chloroquine
|
Txt for Malaria when inside RBC
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Hypersegmented PMNs
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Megaloblastic anemia
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Nifurtimox
|
DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi
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Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs
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Iron-deficiency anemia or beta Thalassemia
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Erythromycin
|
Used in pts allergic to penicillins
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Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
|
Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms secondary to rapid lysis
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Nystatin
|
Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis
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Joint Mice
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Osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
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Acyclovir
|
Guanine analog
Txt Herpes infections |
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Kaussmaul Breathing
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Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
|
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Imipenem
|
Used w/ Cilastatin
Can cause seizures |
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Keratin Pearls
|
Squamous Cell CA of skin Actinic Keratosis is a precursor
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Cefoperazone side effects
|
1. Bleeding due to vit K level alterations
2. Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders |
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Keyser-Fleischer Ring
|
Wilson’s
|
|
|
Vancomycin
|
1. Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)
2. “Red neck”: due to histamine release causes facial flushing |
|
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules
|
Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix
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Meropenem
|
1. used w/ Cilastatin
2. Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem) |
|
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Koilocytes
|
HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association)
|
|
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Nafcillin
|
Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment
|
|
|
Koplik Spots
|
Measles
|
|
|
Peripheral neuropathy
|
Seen w/ use of: Metronidazole – Isoniazid – Vincristine – ddI – AZT – Allopurinol
|
|
|
Lewy Bodies
|
Parkinson’s (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)
|
|
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Sulfonamides & newborns
|
Kernicterus can occur
|
|
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Lines of Zahn
|
Arterial thrombus (formed when alive)
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“O.N.E.” for gonorrhea
|
Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:
O = Ofloxacin N = Norfloxacin E = Enoxacin |
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Lisch Nodules
|
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen’s disease) = pigmented iris hamartomas
|
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Ribavirin
|
Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
|
|
|
Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli
|
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – prototype of nephritic syndrome
|
|
|
Cyclosporine
|
Protects against rejections from organ transplants
Does not induce bone marrow depression |
|
|
Mallory Bodies
|
Alcoholic hepatitis
|
|
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA
Txt CLL |
|
|
McBurney’s Sign
|
Appendicitis (McBurney’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
|
|
|
Cisplatin’s toxicities
|
Nephro- & Ototoxicity
|
|
|
Michealis-Gutmann Bodies
|
Malakoplakia lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli
|
|
|
Methotrexate
|
Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase
|
|
|
Monoclonal Antibody Spike
|
Multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)
MGUS |
|
|
Leucovorin Rescue
|
Can block/reduce Methotrexate = increases folic acid via a reduced folate
|
|
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Myxedema
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Bleomycin toxicities
|
Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis
|
|
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Negri Bodies
|
Rabies
|
|
|
Azathiorine
|
Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts
Allopurinol can increas its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase |
|
|
Neuritic Plaques
|
Alzheimer’s
|
|
|
MOPP
|
1. Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkin’s disease
2. M = Mechlorethamine – nitrogen mustard 3. O = Oncovin (Vincristine) – prevents microtubule assembly 4. P = Procarbazine 5. P = Prednisone – glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis |
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Neurofibrillary Tangles
|
Alzheimer’s
|
|
|
Tamoxifen
|
(-) estrogen receptor
Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA |
|
|
Non-pitting Edema
|
Myxedema
Anthrax Toxin |
|
|
Flutamide
|
Antiandrogenic
Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog) Txt prostatic CA |
|
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Notching of Ribs
|
Coarctation of Aorta
|
|
|
Megestrol
|
(-) progesterone receptor
Txt endometrial CA |
|
|
Nutmeg Liver
|
CHF = causing congested liver
|
|
|
Fluoxymesterone
|
Androgenic steroid
Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women |
|
|
Owls Eye Cells
|
CMV
Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma) Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever |
|
|
Methotrexate
|
1. Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase
2. Txt of ALL 3. Txt of Psoriasis |
|
|
Painless Jaundice
|
Pancreatic CA (head)
|
|
|
Brain tumor Txt
|
1. Lomustine
2. Carmustine – Causes pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Pannus
|
Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that decreases w/ joint use, HLA-DR4
|
|
|
Streptozocin
|
1. Attaches to beta cells
2. Txt of pancreatic insulinomas |
|
|
Pautrier’s Microabscesses
|
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary
|
|
|
Cytarabine (AraC)
|
1. Pyrimidine analog
2. DOC for AML |
|
|
Philadelphia Chromosome
|
CML (t 9, 22)
|
|
|
Dactinomycin
|
Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
Pick Bodies
|
Pick’s Disease
|
|
|
Etoposide
|
Used for oat cell CA
|
|
|
2 types of COPD
|
Pink Puffer – Type A: Emphysema
Blue Bloater – Type B: Bronchitis Emphysema Centroacinar – smoking Panacinar - alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency |
|
|
Paclitaxel
|
Used for ovarian CA
|
|
|
Podagra
|
Gout (MP joint of hallux)
|
|
|
Amifostine
|
Can decrease nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin
|
|
|
Port-Wine Stain
|
Hemangioma (Sturge-Weber syndrome or nevus flammeus)
AD inheritance |
|
|
Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign
|
Tearing of the ACL
|
|
|
Psammoma Bodies
|
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
|
|
Pseudohypertrophy
|
Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to increased fat
|
|
|
Punched-Out Bone Lesions
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Rash on Palms & Soles
|
secondary Syphilis
RMSF Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease |
|
|
Red Morning Urine
|
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use Ham’s test to confirm.
|
|
|
Reed-Sternberg Cells
|
Hodgkin’s Disease
|
|
|
Reid Index Increased
|
Chronic bronchitis = increased ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness
|
|
|
Reinke Crystals
|
Leydig cell tumor
|
|
|
Rouleaux Formation
|
Multiple myeloma RBC’s stacked as poker chips
|
|
|
S3 Heart Sound
|
L--> R Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)
Mitral Regurg LV Failure |
|
|
S4 Heart Sound
|
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Schwartzman Reaction
|
Neisseria meningitidis impressive rash with bugs
|
|
|
Smith Antigen
|
SLE (also anti-dsDNA)
Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL) 90% 14-45 yo females 4. also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome |
|
|
Soap Bubble on X-Ray
|
Giant cell tumor of bone
|
|
|
Spike & Dome Glomeruli
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome
Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3) |
|
|
String Sign on X-ray
|
Crohn’s bowel wall thickening
|
|
|
Target Cells
|
Thalassemia in alpha Thalassemia w/ no alpha gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts
|
|
|
Tendinous Xanthomas
|
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
|
|
|
Thyroidization of Kidney
|
Chronic pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Tophi
|
Gout
|
|
|
Tram-Track Glomeruli
|
Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome – basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers
|
|
|
Trousseau’s Sign
|
Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis)
Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm) These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name. |
|
|
Virchow’s Node
|
Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
|
|
|
Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells
|
Measles
|
|
|
WBC Casts
|
Pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Whipple’s Triad
|
CNS disfunction – Hypoglycemic episodes – glu injection reverses CNS Sympt’s
|
|
|
Wire Loop Glomeruli
|
Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)
|
|
|
An increase in AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s serum
|
Spina Bifida
Anencephaly |
|
|
An increase in Uric Acid
|
Gout
Lesch Nyhan Myeloproliferative Disorders Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides) |
|
|
decreased FEV1/FVC
|
COPD
|
|
|
“Ground Glass” on chest x-ray (Hyaline)
|
Due to Pneumocystis carinii
Seen w/ Atelectasia |
|
|
Honey Combing of the lung
|
Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)
End stage of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) |
|
|
Crescents
|
Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)
|
|
|
Linear Ig Deposits
|
Goodpastures syndrome
|
|
|
45 Degree Branch Points + Septate
|
Aspergillosis
|
|
|
PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies
|
Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia = increased IgM = Hyperviscosity
|
|
|
“Ground Glass” in Abdomen(Hyaline)
|
Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies
|
|
|
“Signet Ring” Cells
|
Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenberg’s tumor that has metastasized from the stomach
|
|
|
Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline)
|
Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes
Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant) |
|
|
Congo Red
|
Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls
|
|
|
Meningiomas & Progesterone
|
Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur
|
|
|
Tuberous Sclerosis Triad
|
Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules): angiofibromas
|
|
|
Cowdry A Inclusions
|
Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis – in oligodendroglia
|
|
|
Devic’s Syndrome
|
“Neuromyelitis Optica”
A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia |
|
|
c-erb B2
|
Breast Cancer association
|
|
|
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
|
A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema
|
|
|
Hoffman’s Sign
|
Flicking of the middle finger’s nail
|
|
|
Red Nucleus Destruction
|
Intention tremors of the arm
|
|
|
Ventral Spinocerebellar tr.
|
Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
|
|
|
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr.
|
Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements
|
|
|
Cuneocerebellar tr.
|
Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities
|
|
|
Dorsal Column
|
Conscious proprioception of the body
|
|
|
Lateral Spinothalamic tr.
|
Pain & Temperature sensation
|
|
|
Ventral Spinothalamic tr.
|
Light touch perception
|
|
|
SVA
|
Taste & Smell
|
|
|
GSE
|
Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
|
|
|
SSA
|
Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium
|
|
|
GVA
|
Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation
|
|
|
GVE
|
Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation
Gland innervation = secretions Viscera |
|
|
GSA
|
Pain & temperature of face
Sensation of external ear |
|
|
SVE
|
Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx
|
|
|
LMN Lesion
|
Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular atrophy)
Poliomyelitis |
|
|
Sensory Pathway Lesion
|
Subacute Combined Degeneration = Friedrich’s Ataxia = B12 deficiency
Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis) |
|
|
Both UMN & LMN Lesion
|
ALS = Lou Gherig’s Disease
|
|
|
Both Sensory & Motor Lesion
|
Brown Sequard
Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion |
|
|
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
|
Controls circadian rhythm
|
|
|
Ventromedial Nucleus
|
Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned
|
|
|
Lateral Nucleus
|
Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned
|
|
|
Arcuate Nucleus
|
Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons)
|
|
|
Mamillary Body
|
Can have hemorrhages as seen in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
|
|
|
Acanthocytes
|
RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia.
|
|
|
Most Common primary Tumor arising from bone in adults
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|
|
Most Common Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Adults
|
Pheochromocytoma: 5 P’s: increased Pressure; Pain (Headache); Perspiration; Palpitations; Pallor/Diaphoresis
|
|
|
Most Common Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Children
|
Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
Most Common Agent of severe viral encephalitis
|
Herpes simplex
|
|
|
Most Aggressive lung tumor
|
Small cell or oat cell
|
|
|
Most Commonly Associated with gallstones
|
Adenocarinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Bacterial Meningitis – adults
|
Strep pneumoniae & in young adults = Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
Most Common Bacterial Meningitis – elderly
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
Most Common Bacterial Meningitis – newborns
|
E. coli / Group BStrep.
|
|
|
Most Common Bacterial Meningitis – toddlers
|
Hib
|
|
|
Most common Benign epithelial tumor of oral mucosa
|
Papilloma
|
|
|
Most common Benign fallopian tube tumor
|
Adenomatoid
|
|
|
Most common Benign ovarian tumor
|
Mature(Native) Teratoma = benign dermatoid
|
|
|
Most common Benign tumor of soft tissue
|
Lipoma
|
|
|
Most common Benign tumor of the breast <25yoa
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
|
Most common Benign tumor of the liver
|
Hemangioma
|
|
|
Most common Benign tumor of the vulva
|
Hidroadenoma
|
|
|
Most common Benign uterine tumor
|
Leiomyoma: estrogen sinsitive: changes size during pregnancy & menopause
|
|
|
Most common Bone Tumors
|
Metasteses from Breast & Prostate
|
|
|
Most common Brain Tumor – Child
|
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
|
|
|
Most Common Brain Tumor –Adult
|
Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma
|
|
|
Most Common Breast Carcinoma
|
Invasive Duct Carcinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Breast Mass
|
Fibrocystic Change: premenopausic women (Carcinoma is the most common in post-menopausal women)
|
|
|
Most Common Bug in Acute Endocarditis
|
Staph aureus
|
|
|
Most Common Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt
|
Klebsiella
|
|
|
Most common Bug in Epiglottitis
|
Hib
|
|
|
Most common Bug in GI Tract
|
Bacteroides (2nd – E. coli)
|
|
|
Most common Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia
|
Staph aureus
|
|
|
Most common Bug in PID
|
N. Gonnorrhoeae
|
|
|
Most common Bug in Subacute Endocarditis
|
Strep Viridans
|
|
|
Most Common CA of urinary collecting system
|
Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; beta naphthylamine; analine dyes; long term txt w/ cyclophosphamide)
|
|
|
Most Common Cardiac 1ry Tumor – Adults
|
Myxoma: “Ball Valve”
|
|
|
Most Common Cardiac 1ry Tumor – Child
|
Rhabdomyoma – associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
Most Common Cardiac Tumor – Adults
|
Metasteses
|
|
|
Most Common Cardiomyopathy
|
Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri, Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin
Systolic Dysfunction |
|
|
Most Common Cause of 2ry HTN
|
Renal Disease
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Addison’s
|
Autoimmune (2nd – infection)
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of breast lumps
|
CA of the breast
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of chronic endometriosis
|
TB
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
|
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension (then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Cushings
|
Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Death in Alzheimer pts
|
Pneumonia
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Death in Diabetics
|
MI
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Death in premature
|
NRDS = hyaline membrane disease
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Death in SLE pts.
|
Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Dementia
|
Alzheimer’s
|
|
|
2nd Most Common Cause of Dementia
|
Multi-Infarct Dementia
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Dwarfism
|
Achondroplasia
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Food poisoning
|
Staph aureus
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Hematosalpynga
|
Ectopic pregnancy
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Hypoparathyroidism
|
Throidectomy
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Hypothyroidism
|
Corrective surgery I31 treatment
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Kidney infections
|
E. coli
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Liver disease in US
|
Alcohol consumption
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Malignancy in children
|
Acute leukemia
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Mental retardation
|
Down’s
|
|
|
2nd Most Common Cause of Mental retardation
|
Fragile X
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of NaCl loss and Hypotension
|
21 hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of PID
|
N. ghonorrhea
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Portal cirrhosis
|
Alcohol
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Preventable Blindness
|
Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Pulmonary HTN
|
COPD
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Secondary Hypertension
|
Renal disease
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of SIADH
|
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of UT Obstruction in men
|
BPHyperplasia
|
|
|
Most Common Cause Pernicious Anemia
|
Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic factor
|
|
|
Most Common Chromosomal Disorder
|
Down’s
|
|
|
Most Common Common Tumor of the Appendix
|
Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm; RHeart valvular lesions
Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist) |
|
|
Most Common Congenital Cardiac Anomaly
|
VSD (membranous > muscular)
|
|
|
Most Common Congenital Early Cyanosis
|
Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt
|
|
|
Most Common Coronary Artery Thrombosis
|
LAD artery: MI
|
|
|
Most Common Demyelinating Disease
|
Multiple Sclerosis: (Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
Periventricular plaques w/ decreased Oligodenrocytes increased IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme = Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder incontinence |
|
|
Most Common Dental Tumor
|
Odontoma
|
|
|
Most Common Dietary Deficiency
|
Iron
|
|
|
Most Common Disease of the Breast
|
Fibrocystic disease
|
|
|
Most Common Disseminated Opportunistic Infection in AIDS
|
CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
|
|
|
Most Common Esophageal Cancer Worldwide
|
SCCA
|
|
|
Most Common Fallopian Tube Malignancy
|
AdenoCA
|
|
|
Most Common Fatal Genetic Defect in Caucasians
|
Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)
|
|
|
Most Common Female Tumor
|
Leimyoma
|
|
|
Most Common Form of Amyloidosis
|
Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)
|
|
|
Most Common Form of Tularemia
|
Ulceroglandular
|
|
|
Most Common Germ Cell Tumor of Testes
|
Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)
|
|
|
Most Common Gynecological Malignancy
|
Endometrial Carcinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Gynecological Finding
|
Endometrial CA
|
|
|
Most Common Heart Murmur
|
Mitral Valve Prolapse
|
|
|
Most Common Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis
|
Mitral
|
|
|
Most Common Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis in IV drug users
|
Tricuspid
|
|
|
Most Common Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever
|
Mitral then Aortic
|
|
|
Most Common Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
|
Von Willebrand’s Disease
|
|
|
Most Common Hormone secreted in Pituitary Adenoma
|
Prolactin
|
|
|
Most Common Inherited disease of the Kidney
|
Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse
APD1 – chromosome 16 |
|
|
Most Common Intracranial tumor in adults
|
Glioblastoma mulitforme
|
|
|
Most Common Islet Tumor
|
Insulinoma = beta cell tumor
|
|
|
Most Common Liver 1ry Tumor
|
Hepatoma
|
|
|
Most Common Liver Disease
|
Alcoholic Liver Disease
|
|
|
Most Common Location of Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
|
Head (99%)
|
|
|
Most Common Location of Adult Brain Tumors
|
Above Tentorium
|
|
|
Most Common Location of Childhood Brain Tumors
|
Below Tentorium
|
|
|
Most Common Lung Tumor, malignant or benign
|
Malignant
|
|
|
Most Common Lung Tumor, primary or secondary
|
Secondary
|
|
|
Most Common Malignancy in Women
|
Lung (2nd breast)
|
|
|
Most Common Malignancy of the Larynx
|
Glottic CA (squamous cell)
|
|
|
Most Common Malignancy of the Small Intestine
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Malignancy Vulva
|
Squamous cell CA
|
|
|
Most Common Malignant Eye Tumor in Kids
|
Retinoblastoma
|
|
|
Most Common Malignant Tumor of the Liver
|
Hepatocellular CA
|
|
|
Most Common Motor Neuron Disease
|
ALS
|
|
|
Most Common Muscular Dystrophy
|
Duchenne’s: Dystrophin deletion. Presents <5yoa weakness at pelvic girdles w/ upward progression
|
|
|
Most Common Nasal Tumor
|
Squamous cell CA
|
|
|
Most Common Neoplasm – Child
|
Leukemia
|
|
|
2nd Most Common Neoplasm – Child
|
Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)
|
|
|
Most Common Neoplasm of the West
|
Adeno CA of the rectum and/or colon
|
|
|
Most Common Neoplastic Polyp
|
Tubular adenoma
|
|
|
Most Common Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults
|
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Most Common Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
|
Minimal Change (Lipoid Nephrosis) Disease (responds well to steroid txt)
|
|
|
Most Common Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
|
Follicular small clear cell
|
|
|
Most Common Number of Deaths per year in Women
|
Lung CA
|
|
|
Most Common Skin tumor
|
Basal cell CA
|
|
|
Most Common Opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
PCP
|
|
|
Most Common Ovarian Malignancy
|
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Ovarian Tumor
|
Hamartoma
|
|
|
Most Common Pancreatic Tumor
|
Adeno (usually in the head)
|
|
|
Most Common Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML
|
ALL – Child / CLL – Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML – Adult 35-50
|
|
|
Most Common Patient with Goodpasture’s
|
Young male
|
|
|
Most Common Patient with Reiter’s
|
Male
|
|
|
Most Common Pituitary Tumor
|
Prolactinoma (2nd – Somatotropic “Acidophilic” Adenoma)
|
|
|
Most Common Place for Primary Squamous Cell CA of esophagus
|
Mid 1/3
|
|
|
Most Common Place for Peptic Ulcer Disease
|
Lesser curvuture in antrum – associated w/ blood group O
|
|
|
Most Common Primary Benign Salivary Tumor
|
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed) – 90% localized to the parotid
|
|
|
Most common Primary Hyperparathyroidism
|
Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
|
|
|
Most common Primary Malignancy of Bone
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|
|
Most common Primary Malignancy of Small Intestine
|
Lymphoma
|
|
|
Most common Pt. with Hodgkin’s
|
Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type – Female)
|
|
|
Most common Pt. with Minimal Change Disease
|
Young Child
|
|
|
Most Common Renal Malignancy
|
Renal cell CA
|
|
|
Most Common Renal Malignancy of Early Childhood
|
Wilm’s tumor (neohroblastoma) – chromosome 11p
|
|
|
Most Common Salivary Tumor
|
Pleomorphic adenoma
|
|
|
Most Common Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure
|
|
|
Most Common Sexually Transmitted Disease
|
Chlamydia (sero types D-K)
|
|
|
Most common Site of Diverticula
|
Sigmoid Colon
|
|
|
Most common Site of Embolic Occlusion
|
Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias; motor & sensory loss
|
|
|
Most common Site of Metastasis
|
Regional Lymph Nodes
|
|
|
2nd Most common Site of Metastasis
|
Liver
|
|
|
Most common Sites of Atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
|
|
|
Most Common Skin CA of Fair Skinned People
|
Malignant melanoma
|
|
|
Most Common Skin Cancer
|
Basal Cell Carcinoma
|
|
|
Most Common Small Intestine Congenital Anomaly
|
Meckel’s diverticulum
|
|
|
Most Common Stomach Cancer
|
Adeno – associated w/ blood group A
|
|
|
Most Common Testicular Tumor
|
Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth
|
|
|
Most Common Thyroid Anomaly
|
Thryoglossal duct cyst
|
|
|
Most Common Thyroid CA
|
Papillary CA
|
|
|
Most Common Tracheoesophageal Fistula
|
Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch – polyhydramnios association
|
|
|
Most Common Tumor in men <20
|
Germ cell tumor
|
|
|
Most Common Tumor of Infancy
|
Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma
|
|
|
Most Common Tumor of the Stomach >50 years of age
|
CA of stomach (adeno CA)
|
|
|
Most Common Type of Hodgkin’s
|
Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
|
|
|
Most Common Type of Non-Hodgkin’s
|
Follicular, small cleaved
|
|
|
Most Common Type of Portal Cirrhosis
|
Micronodular
|
|
|
Most Common Type of Soft Tissue Tumor of Childhood
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
Most Vasculitis (of medium & small arteries)
|
Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
|
|
|
Most Common Viral Encephalitis
|
HSV
|
|
|
Most Common Worm Infection in US
|
Pinworm (2nd – Ascaris)
|
|
|
Most Common Worst Prognosis in Thyroid CA
|
Follicular CA
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Lobar Pneumonia
|
Strep. Pneumoniae
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa
|
AIDS
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV Drug Users
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Infection in Burn Pts
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
|
Most Common Mental Problem in Males
|
Specific phobia
|
|
|
Most Common Intelligence Test
|
Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)
WIPSI (ages 4-6) WISK-R (for ages 6-17) WAIS-R (for > 17 yoa) |
|
|
Most Common Paraphilia
|
Pedophilia
|
|
|
Most Common Metabolite seen w/ Pheochromocytoma
|
VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)
|
|
|
Most Common Severe Shigella
|
Dysenteriae
|
|
|
Most Common Bug in Otitis Media & Sinusitis in Kids
|
Strep. Pneumoniae
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of a Solitary Brain Abscess
|
A. Israelli
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea in U.S.
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
Most Common Shigella Type
|
S. Sonnei
|
|
|
Most Common Cause of Non-Ghonococcal Urethritis
|
Chlamydia trichomonas
|
|
|
Most Common Pneumonia
|
Strep. Pneumoniae
|
|
|
Most common Urethritis
|
N. ghonorrhea
|
|
|
Most common Cause of Glomerulonephritis
|
IgA Nephropathy = Berger’s Disease
|
|
|
Most common Cause of Viral Pneumonia
|
RSV – infants
Parainfluenza – kids Influenza virus – adults Adeno virus – military recruits |
|
|
Most common Complication of COPD
|
Pulmonary infections
|
|
|
Most common Cause of Death w/ SLE
|
Renal failure
|
|
|
Most common Atrial Septal Defect
|
Ostium Secundum Type
|
|
|
Most common Warm Antibody
|
Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia
IgG auto antibodies to RBC See spherocytosis; (+) Coombs’ test; complication to CLL |
|
|
Most common Immunodeficiency
|
IgA Deficiency
|
|
|
Most common Congenital GIT Anomaly
|
Meckel’s Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk
|
|
|
Most common Cause of Congenital Malformation
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
|
