Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What proteins are involved in assembly of gap junctions? |
Connexins (e.g. connexin-43) |
|
What decreases the incidence of neural tube defects? |
Folate supplementation during early pregnancy (neural tube develops very early in fetal life, when most women may not know yet they are pregnant) |
|
What is least affected by outliers? |
Mode |
|
What is the best statistical test to determine significant differences between means of 2+ groups? |
Analysis of variance (ANOVA): compares the means between the groups relative to the variability within groups and determines whether any of those means are significantly different from one another (null hypothesis: all groups are simply random samples of the same population) |
|
What is the sensory loss and weakness of L5 lumbosacral radiculopathy |
Sensory loss: buttocks, posterolateral thigh, anterolateral leg, dorsal foot Weakness: Foot dorsiflexion and inversion (tibialis anterior), foot eversion (peroneus), toe extension (extensor digitorum brevis) |
|
What mode of inheritance is achondroplasia? |
Autosomal dominant, with full penetrance
|
|
What is the most likely side effect of SSRIs when used in recommended doses and without other risk factors? |
Sexual dysfunction (decreased libido, decreased arousal, anorgasmia in women, increased ejaculation latency in men); occurs in approximately 50% of patients receiving SSRIs and is a frequent cause of nonadherence |
|
What deficiency is associated with a high rate of measles complications? |
Vitamin A (acute measles infection depletes vitamin A stores, resulting in a risk of keratitis and corneal ulceration) |
|
What is the typical cause for bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients? |
Detrusor overactivity causing a sudden/andor frequent urge to urinate and empty the bladder |
|
What does the anilin dye (e.g. carbolfuchsin) in the acid fast stain bind to? |
Mycolic acids i.e. used for Mycobacterium and some Nocardia species |
|
What are the main cytokines that stimulate B cell growth and differentiation? |
IL-4 and IL-5 IL-4: B cell growth, isotype switching, stimulates IgE secretion, predisposes to type I hypersensitivity IL-5: B cell differentiation, stimulates IgA production and eosinophil activity |
|
What important viral structural proteins does the measles virus (rubeola) have? |
Hemagglutinin (cell surface adhesion) Matrix/fusion protein (viral assembly) |
|
Episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss: classic diagnosis? |
Meniere disease: disorder of the inner ear characterized by increased volume and pressure of endolymph (endolymphatic hydrops) thought to be due to defective resorption of endolymph |
|
What are common complications of rubella for a pregnant woman? |
Polyarthritis, polyarthralgia |
|
What are common complications of rubella for a fetus? |
Sensorineural deafness, cataracts, cardiac malformations (e.g. patent ductus arteriosus) |
|
What organisms are asplenic patients most at risk for? |
Encapsulated species (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis) |
|
What do you treat N. gonorrhoeae (gram-negative intracellular diplococcus) with? |
Ceftriaxone (3rd generation cephalosporin) and azithromycin (macrolide) Azithromycin is recommended due to potential resistance against cephalosporins and protection against chlamydia co-infection |
|
What second messenger does nitric oxide (NO) increase? |
intracellular cGMP: leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, metabolized by phosphodiesterase |
|
What cells do the majority of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) originate from? |
Epithelium of the proximal renal tubules |
|
What does leuprolide do (pulsatile vs. continuous)? |
Pulsatile: agonist properties, causes a transient rise in LH and testosterone production on initial administration Continuous: suppresses pituitary LH release and subsequent reduction of testosterone production by Leydig cells |
|
What are the effects of spironolactone? |
Aldosterone receptor agonist Reduce secretion of K+ and H+ by the collecting tubule |
|
What is the mechanism of varenicline? |
Partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (specifically alpha4 beta2); reduces nicotine withdrawal, prevents nicotine from binding and inducing a reward response |
|
What is most consistent with malignancy in lymphadenopathy? |
Monoclonality of the lymphocyte population |
|
What does vitamin B12 serve as a cofactor for? |
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase VItamin B12 deficiency = elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine |
|
What does DAG (from breakdown of PIP2) activate? |
DAG stimulates protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates downstream intracellular proteins to produce physiologic effects PKC is also activated by intracellular calcium, which IP3 increases (its major effect) |
|
What is the equation for maintenance dose? |
Maintenance dose = Cp x CL x tau / F |
|
What is the treatment for Lyme disease? |
Doxycycline (stage 1) Ceftriaxone (later presentation) |
|
What does the suspensory ligament of the ovary, AKA the infundibulopelvic ligament, contain? |
Ovarian artery (major ovarian blood supply arising from the abdominal aorta entering the ovary at the hilum), vein, lymphatics, and nerves |
|
What will increase prevalence but not incidence? |
Factors that prolong the duration of a disease (e.g. improved quality of care) |
|
What is the difference between prevalence versus incidence? |
Prevalence = measure of those with the disease in the population at a particular point in time Incidence = measure of appearance of new cases |
|
What are risk factors that increase the risk of suicide completion? |
Stress Lack of psychosocial support Psychiatric illness Substance abuse Pain Access to firearms or other means |
|
What is the most important virulence factor meningeal pathogens? |
Bacterial capsules e.g. K1 capsular antigen in E. coli strains |
|
Define heteroplasmy |
Presence of both normal and mutated mtDNA, resulting in variable expression in mitochondrially inherited diseases |
|
How are statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) metabolized? What statin is the exception? |
Metablized by P450 3A4 (except pravastatin) |
|
What drugs inhibit cytochrome P450? |
AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine Acute alcohol abuse Ritonavir Amiodarone Cimetidine/ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Sulfonamides Isoniazid (INH) Grapefruit juice Quinidine Macrolides (except azithromycin) |
|
Acute radiated iodine exposure. What's the treatment? |
Potassium iodide |
|
List symptoms of a major depressive disorder |
SIG E CAPS Depressed mood Sleep disturbance Loss of interest (anhedonia) Guilt or feelings of worthlessness Energy loss and fatigue Concentration problems Appetite and weight changes Psychomotor retardation or agitation Suicidal ideations |
|
What is the "chloride shift"? |
To maintain electrical neutrality, chloride ions diffuse into the RBC to take the place of bicarbonate - causes a high RBC chloride content in venous blood |
|
Horner's syndrome |
Sympathetic denervation of the face PAM: Ptosis (slight dropping of eyelid, superior tarsal muscle), Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) and flushing of the affect side of the face, Miosis (pupil constriction) Ptosis, anhidrosis, miosis (rhyming) |
|
What is the primary choice of treatment for anaphylactic shock? |
Epinephrine, due to its ability to reverse all of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of anaphylaxis; stimulation of alpha-1 receptors counteracts vasodilatation of cutaneous and viscera vasculature, increasing BP |
|
What is the most probable cause of one-sided kidney atrophy? |
Renal artery stenosis (RAS); occurs in elderly individuals due to atherosclerotic changes in the arterial intima, or in women of childbearing age due to fibromuscular dysplasia Hypertension and an abdominal bruit are present |
|
Fat embolism syndrome: triad? |
Hypoxemia Neurologic abnormalities Petechial rash Associated with long bone fractures and liposuction; greater in bilateral femoral fractures (33%) compared to a single long bone fracture (1-3%) |
|
What contributes to the rubber-like properties of elastin fibers? |
Interchain cross-links involving lysine Elastin is synthesized as a large polypeptide precursor (tropoelastin) composed of 700, mostly nonpolar, amino acids (glycine, valine, alanine); also contains hydroxylated proline and lysine residues |
|
Cori disease (type III glycogen storage disease): clinical presentation and deficient enzyme? |
Hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hepatomegaly, muscle weakness, hypotonia Debranching enzyme (alpha-1,6-glucosidase) |
|
Hemodynamic actions of epinephrine |
HR: dose dependent increase, beta-1 SBP: increase (++), beta-1 and alpha-1 DBP: decrease (low-dose), increase (high-dose), alpha-1 > beta-2 Pretreatment with propanolol eliminates the beta effects of epinephrine (vasodilatation and tachycardia), leaving only the alpha effect (vasoconstriction) |
|
Carcinoid syndrome: clinical presentation? |
Recurrent diarrhea, cutaneous flushing, asthmatic wheezing, right-sided valvular heart disease (tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis) Diagnosis: elevated 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-HIAA, CT/MRI of abdomen and pelvis to localize the tumor Treatment: octreotide for symptomatic patients (somatostatin analog), surgery for liver metastases FA332 |