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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some challenges to living on land?
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- Gravity affects how the skeleton develops
- Air is less dense and viscous than water - Heat capacity and conductivity affect thermoregulation - Suction feeding is not possible |
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What is the closest living relative to tetrapods?What is the closest extinct relative?
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- Lobe finned fish (lungfish)
- Tetrapodomorph fish |
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What adaptations did early tetrapods and related fish have?
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- Loss of anal and dorsal fins
- Greatly reduced tail fin - Flattened bodies - Derived humerus |
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What synapomorphies distinguish tetrapods from fish?
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- No operculum
- Reduction of notochord - 4 limbs w/digits - Sacral rib - Loss of fin rays |
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What are some adaptations in tetrapods for life on land?
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- Sturdy skeleton
- Costal and tidal respiration - Mobile heads and tongues - Double circulatory system - Skin |
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How is a tetrapod's circulatory system from that of a fish?
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It is a double circulatory system
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How are vision and hearing different in tetrapods than fish?
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- Hair cells can not be directly stimulated by sound waves
- Tetrapods evolved a complex system of ear bones - Flatter lenses to focus light on the retina |
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Describe Osteolepiformes
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-Extinct, fleshy finned fish living in shallow water
- Heavily scaled, large head - Folded tooth enamel |
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Describe Elitostegidae
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- Sister group to tetrapods
- Flatter body - Elevated Eyes - Loss of dorsal and anal fins -Mid devonian (385 mya) |
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Describe Tiktaalik rosaea
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- Ellesmere Island, 2006
- "fishapod" - No operculm - Pectoral girdle separate from skull (neck movement) - Muscled pectoral fins with digits and flexible wrist - Reduced fin rays - Thick ribs - Well developed gills |
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Name the three stem tetrapods
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- Ichthyostega
- Acanthostega - Ventastega |
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Name some stem tetrapod traits
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- Heavy limbs
- 7-8 toes on each limb - Some had internal fish-like gills - Ceratobranchial groove - Less scaly |
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Name some Lissamphibia synapomorphies
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- Smooth, moist, glandular skin
- Middle ear bones derived from operculum and columella - Pedicellate teeth - Green rods - Levator bulbi |
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What are the basic characteristics of Anura?
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- Saltation
- Urostyle - Shortened vert. column w/ fused pelvic girdle - Most diverse group of amphibians |
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What are the basic characteristics of Caudata?
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- Elongate w/ 4 limbs splayed to each side
- Often live in burrows and under leaf matter - Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders) make up most diversity |
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What are the basic characteristics of Gymnophiona?
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- Limbless, fossorial
- Annuli - Eyes reduced, absent, or covered w/ skin - Oviparous and viviparous |
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What are some characteristics of Plethodontidae?
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- Lungless
- Direct development - Paedomorphic - Account for 2/3 of Caudata diversity |
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How do salamander larvae compare to adults?
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- Aquatic
- Broad tail fin - External gills - Lateral line system - No eyelids - Neoteny (development of the larvae is slowed) |
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What is the anuran body plan?
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- Stiff, shortened vert. column, reduced ribs
- Elongate pelvic girdle, fused to vert. column - Urostyle - Elongate hind limbs and tarsals |
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Compare anuran larvae to salamander larvae
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- Laterally compressed tail
- External gills first, internal later - Beak-like mouth - Algae eaters, predators, and cannibals |
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How do pond and stream tadpoles differ?
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Tadpoles that live in ponds or other still bodies of water have ovoid forms with large tail fins. Tadpoles found in flowing bodies of water have streamlined bodies with smaller tail fins.
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How do amphibians conserve water?
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- Active during wet periods and at night
- Postural changes - Absorb water through skin - Burrow - Produce urea - Xeric adaptations |
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What types of glands are found on amphibians?
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- Mucus glands
- Poison glands - Collectively called granular glands |
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What are some examples of reproductive adaptations in amphibians?
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- Frogs practice amplexus
- Internal fertilization - Spermatophores - Intromittent organs |
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What are the pros and cons of vocal calls in male amphibians?
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Pros- Can attract mates
Cons- Consumes energy May attract predators |
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What are some reasons for amphibian decline?
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- Habitat loss
- Climate change - Chytrid fungus - Acid rain |
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What are the key synapomorphies of amniotes?
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- Amniote egg
- Keratinized epidermis - Costal ventilation - Innervated forelimb - Elaboration of lungs |
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What is an "amniotic egg"?
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Tetrapods whose eggs have a pouch in which the embryo develops
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What are the components of an amniotic egg?
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- Yolk sac
- Chorion - Amnion - Allantois - Albumen |
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What changes occur to the skull during amniote evolution?
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Temporal fenestrations (holes in the skull) develop. As buccal pumping was lost in amniote evolution, heads could be smaller and domed to facilitate more complex jaw muscles.
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What clades are a part of the amniotes
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- Synapsids (Mammals and stem-mammals)
- Sauropsids (Birds and reptiles) |
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What is a reptile?
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Any amniote that is neither a bird or a mammal
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What are the derived traits of reptiles?
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- Ectomorphic
- Divided atria, incompletely divided ventricle - Legs splayed to sides, lateral undulation |
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What are the characteristics of Odontochelys?
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- Well developed plastron, undeveloped carapace
- Thickened, separate ribs - Small peg-like teeth - No tail |
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How does a turtle's shell constrain its respiration?
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A turtle's ribs are fused to its shell, preventing any rib cage movement
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How is the heart of a turtle different than an amphibians?
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A turtle's ventricle is partially divided
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How do turtles reproduce?
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- Oviparous
- Soft or rigid shells - Bury eggs |
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Why is sea turtle nesting synchronized?
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It can overwhelm predators.
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What is a tuatara and to what order does it belong?
Where is it found? |
Lizard-like diapsid that lives a nocturnal life. It belongs to the order sphenodontia and lived in New Zealand.
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What is unique about tuatara physiology?
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- Double row of teeth in upper jaw
- Low active body temperature - Possess pineal eye |
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What organisms are considered squamates?
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- Snakes
- Lizards (includes amphisbaenians) |
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What are the respiratory adaptations of squamates?
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- Costal lung ventilation
- Left lung is reduced in snakes - Anterior portion of lung is more vascularized - No gas exchange occurs in posterior portions |
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What are some osmoregulatory adaptations of squamates?
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- Excrete uric acid
- Nephric tubules lack loop of Henle - Water resorbed from bladder by precipitation of uric acid - Nasal glands excrete salt |
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What are some circulatory adaptations of squamates?
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- Two atria
- Ventricle is partially divided |
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What is an amphisbaenian?
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- Limbless lizard
- Possess annuli - Fossorial lifestyle - Nib tooth |
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How do snakes differ from lizards?
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- They lack limbs
- Lack moveable eyelids - Lack external ear openings - Forked tongues |
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What was the likely lifestyle of ancestral snakes?
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Fossorial
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Name the locomotion types found in snakes
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- Lateral undulation
- Rectilinear - Concertina - Sidewinding |
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What adaptations are associated with snake feeding?
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Snakes can modify their kinetic skull to capture and swallow food.
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Compare neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and hemotoxic
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Neurotoxic- Damages nervous cells and systems
Cytotoxic- Damages cells Hemotoxic- Destroys red blood cells |
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In which group did venom first evolve?
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Colubrids
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In which group of reptiles has viviparity evolved?
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- Squamates
- Some extinct marine reptiles |
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What is parthenogenesis? Why has it evolved?
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- Females produce daughters from unfertilized eggs
- Many species have their origins as interspecies hybrids |
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Give an example of a reptile parthenogen
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The whiptail lizard
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What groups make up Archosaurs?
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Extinct- Crurotarsi, dinosaurs, pterosaurs
Living- Crocodilians, Birds |
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What is the basic body form of modern crocodiles? How do they relate to their lifestyle?
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- Heavy, laterally compressed tail for propulsion
- Elevated eyes and nostrils - Adapted for predatory lifestyle |
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How did crurotarsans differ from modern crocodilians?
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They were not semi-aquatic
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What types of terrestrial locomotion exist in crocodilians?
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- Lizard like crawling
- Upright walking with legs under body - Belly sliding - Galloping |
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Describe the three basic head shapes found in crocodilians
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- Broad snout (alligators and caimans)
- Wedge shaped snout (crocodiles) - Long, slender snouts (gharials) |
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How is a crocodile's heart different from other groups?
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- Completely divided ventricle
- "4-chambered" heart |
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How does crocodilian reproduction differ from other reptiles?
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- All forms exhibit a degree of parental care
- Some form long-term mate bonds |
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What is a crurotarsan? What animals, extinct and living, belong to this group?
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- Dominant land vertebrates during the triassic
- Phytosaurs, aetosaurs, raisuchians, crocodylomorphs |
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What is a pterosaur?
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-Flying archosaurs that lived alongside dinosaurs
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What is a dinosaur? What are the main two clades?
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- The dominant land vertebrate during the Jurassic and Cretaceous
- Ornithischia and Saurischia |
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What are saurischians?
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- "Reptile-hipped" dinosaurs
- Made up of sauropods and therapods |
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What are ornithischians?
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- "Bird-hipped" dinosaurs
- Duckbills - Stegosaurs - Horned dinosaurs - Armored dinosaurs |
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Compare the courtship behaviors of of salamanders to those of anurans
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- Salamander males produce pheromones to engage females in reproduction
- Anuran males use vocal calls to attract potential mates |
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What is the earliest anuran fossil and when was it dated to?
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- Triadobatrachus
- Dated to around 250 mya |
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How did the earliest anuran differ from modern frogs? How was it similar?
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Similarities- Same general body plan, lived on land as well as water and could breathe air, similar skull
Differences- Full vertebral column (no urostyle formation or elongated ilium), shorter hindlimbs and tarsals, 5 toes on front feet as opposed to 4 |
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What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
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To supply the lungs with deoxygenated blood
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What is the function of the systemic circuit?
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To supply oxygenated blood to the body
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What adaptations of the heart have turtles developed?
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Turtles can shift blood flow from the pulmonary to the systemic based on requirements of gas exchange and thermoregulation
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