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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The basic unit of the nervous system is the ______.
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neuron
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These types of nerves bring information into the system
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receptors (affectors)
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These nerves respond to stimuli and send information
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effectors
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Name the two types of effector nerves and the system they affect.
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mechanical (somatic system)
chemical (visceral system) |
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Another name for the cell body of a neuron is the:
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perikaryon
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The ______, which form the _____ matter of the nervous system, are long extensions of the neuron and carry impulses away from it (one per cell).
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axons, white
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This protective coating covers axons.
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myelin sheath
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These cells produce the myelin sheath in the 1) central nervous system 2) peripheral nervous system
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1) oligodendroglial
2) Schwann |
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These multiple short extensions from the cell body carry impulses toward the cell.
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dendrites
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This is the name for a collection of nerve cell bodies in the 1) CNS 2)PNS
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1) nucleus
2) ganglion |
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Indentations betweeen adjacent protective cells in the myelin sheath,the _______ allow the signal to travel faster through a process called _______.
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Nodes of Ranvier, saltation
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The general name for cells that support, nourish, and insulate neurons is:
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neuroglial cells
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These supporting cells nourish the neuron.
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astrocytes
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These protective neural cells engulf foreign substances around the neuron.
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microglia
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These supportive cells line the canals of the brain/spinal cord.
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ependymal cells
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Nerve cell bodies are located _______ the CNS for sensory and _______ for motor nerves.
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outside, inside
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This type of nerve ending senses pain.
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naked
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These two types of nerve endings sense touch.
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Merkel's disk
Meissner's corpuscle |
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This type of nerve ending senses pressure.
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Pacinian corpuscle
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This type of nerve ending senses heat.
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Ruffini's corpuscle
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This type of nerve ending senses cold.
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Krause's end bulb
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These two types of nerve ending are responsible for sensing position in space, also knows as _________.
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neuromuscular spindle
neurotendinous organ proprioception |
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When innervated tissue is widely distributed, the nerve is _______, when the nerve endings are localized, it is _____.
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general, specific
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This nerve type controls the visceral activity of the peripheral nervous system.
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autonomic
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The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two parts:
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1) sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar)
2) parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) |
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Ganglia develop from which embryonic cells?
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neural crest cells
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T/F: In the embryo, each myotome contains several nerves.
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False
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These lines of ganglia lie alongside the spinal column.
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Paried sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral)
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These chemicals transfer a nerve impulse across the synapse.
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neurotransmitters (amines)
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Nerves fire on an all-or-nothing basis. What is the name for the level of stimulation required, and how can this be accomplished?
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threshold concentration
summation |
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A _________ reflex takes the direct sensory --> motor path and contains ___ neurons.
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monosynaptic, 2
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A __________ reflex takes the path: receptor --> ________ --> motor and contains ___ neurons.
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disynaptic, interneuron, 3
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A ____ is a multiple branching of peripheral nerves. There are two: what are they called?
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plexus
brachial plexus lumbosacral plexus |
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The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the _______ and contains spinal nerves ____ through ____.
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thoracolumbar, T1-L2
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The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the _______ and contains these nerves:
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craniosacral
CN III, VII, IX, X, and lateral gray S2-S4 |
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(T/F) In amniotes, function cannot be inferred from position of nerves.
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True
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In nonmammalian vertebrates, three anatomical nervous divisions are apparent:
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1) cranial
2) spinal 3) enteric (wall of digestive tract) |
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Nonmammalian vertebrate neurons mingle to form woven patches called _____. There are two. Name them and their locations.
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plexus1<br />1) myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus<br /> - smooth muscle of intestines<br />2) submucosal (Meissner's) plexus<br /> - deep in smooth muscle near intestinal lumen
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In amniotes, dorsal root ganglion transmit ______ information.
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sensory, both somatic and visceral
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(T/F) In lampreys, dorsal and ventral roots join laterally along the nerve cord.
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False
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Lamprey ventral roots are which type of nerve and what do they innervate?
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somatic motor, striated muscle
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Lamprey dorsal roots are which type of nerve and what do they innervate?
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somatic and visceral sensory, some visceral motor
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(T/F) Although dorsal and ventral roots are joined in fish, visceral motor nerves only exit through the dorsal root.
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False, they exit from both.
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Sympathetic nerves are characterized by _____ preganglionic and ______ postganglionic nerves.
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short, long
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Parasympathetic nerves are characterized by _____ preganglionic and ______ postganglionic nerves.
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long, short
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1st order neurons release the neurotransmitter ________ and 2nd order neurons can release that or _________.
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acetylcholine, adrenaline/epinephrine
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The sympathetic nervous sytem stimulates the ________ response, while the parasympathetic stimulates the _______ response.
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1) fight or flight
2) rest and repose |
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(T/F) Cyclostomes have a well-represented ANS.
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False, it is fragmentary.
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1) Internal and 2) external sensory receptors are called
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interoreceptors, exteroceptors
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What is the function of memory?
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It allows organisms to adjust activity based on past experiences.
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This is the connective tissue on the bottom of the spinal column.
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phylum terminale
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This is the term for the pinnate nerves at the end of the spinal column, after the the end of the spinal cord.
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coda equina
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The central nervous system originates as what?
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two raised neural folds in the ectoderm
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The 3 regions of the brain originate from the _______.
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anterior neural tube
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The embryological covering of the brain and spinal cord, the ____ splits into ___ layers im mammals.
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meninx, 3
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Amphibians, reptiles, and birds have two meninges, the outer _______ and the thin inner _______.
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dura mater, secondary meninx
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In mammals the secondary meninx divides into two layers, the ______ and ____ mater, both origininating from the ectomesoderm.
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arachnoid, pia
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The three areas of the developing brain, from anterior to posterior, are:
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1) prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) mesencephalon (midbrain) 3) rhomboencephalon (hindbrain) |
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The prosencaphalon is divided into two areas, the ________ and ________, from anterior to posterior.
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telencephalon, diencephalon
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The telencephalon of the forebrain contains these structures:
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olfactory bulbs, cerebral hemispheres
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The diencephalon of the forebrain contains these structures:
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optic vescicle, infundibulum, median eye complex, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
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The mesencephalon of the brain contains these structures:
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tectum (inferior and superior colliculi), tegmentum
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What are some functions of the tegmentum?
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motor output
awareness/attention |
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The rhombencephalon is divided into the __________ and the ______.
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metencephalon, myelencephalon
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The metencephalon of the hindbrain consists of which two sections?
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cerebellum dorsally
rostral part of medulla ventrally (pons in birds and mammals) |
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The myelencephalon of the hindbrain contains which structure?
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medulla oblongata
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(T/F) Lateral ventricles are located in the midbrain.
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False; they are located in the forebrain.
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What are the general functions of the 1) pre- and 2) post-sensory gyrus
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1) motor
2) sensory |
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Name the 12 cranial nerves, in order.
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I - olfactory
II - optic III - occulomotor IV - trochlear V - trigeminal VI - abducens VII - facial VIII - auditory (vestibulocochlear) IX - glossopharyngeal X - vagus XI - spinal accessory XII - hypoglossal |
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The diencephalon's epithalamus, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus and dorsal thalamus, control which functions?
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olfactory, sensory, biorythms, and homeostatic behavioral functions
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The tectum of the midbrain collecs _____ info through the superior colliculi and ______ through the inferior colliculi.
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visual, auditory
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The medulla oblongata has many ______ functions and is a routing station for major nerve pathways.
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reflex
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(T/F) The cerebellum both initiates and coordinates motor functions.
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False, it ONLY coordinates.
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This is the most primitive sense, a ______ sensory type.
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olfaction, chemical
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Olfactory nerve cells have only one axon and dendrite, termed:
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bipolar
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________ is the technical term for taste.
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gustation
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Name the 4 basic human tastes.
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bitter
salty sour sweet |
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(T/F) Some vertebrates have chemical sensors over their entire body.
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True
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Which cranial nerves are associated with vision?
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II, III, IV, VI
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The pigmented vascular _____ ____ nourishes the eye tissues.
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choroid
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This is the tough outer covering of the eye.
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sclera
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This type of eye is a photoreceptor but forms no image.
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median (parietal) eye
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The eyes begin as outpocketings of this structure.
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diencephalon
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The lens of the eye develops from which embryonic layer?
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ectoderm
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This area on the retina is also known as the blind spot.
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optic disc
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This retial region is a pit with high concentrations of receptor cells.
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fovea
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Name three pupil types.
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1) circular
2) slit 3) horizontal (bar-shaped) |
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Aqueous humor from the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye is drained by the _______.
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canal of Schlemm
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This layer, located in the choroid, is reflective to allow more light to reach photoreceptive cells. It is responsible for the night glow of many animal's eyes.
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tipium lucidum
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Change in lens shape to focus is called:
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accomodation
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The basic cell of mechanoreception is the ______ organ. It also participates in electro-, thermo-, and chemo-reception
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neuromast
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Lateral line systems and cephalic canals contain what kind of cells?
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neuromast
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The three main parts of a neuromast organ are:
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1) hair cells
2) sensory cells 3) supporting cells |
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In a neuromast cell, the threadlike ______ sticks up into the gel _______. At the base are _______.
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kinocelium, cupula, stereocilia
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The ________ is the structure responsible for translating soundwaves to neuron impulses in mammals.
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organ of Corti
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In the semicircular canals, fluid _______ flows over the neuromast cells to stimulate them.
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endolymph
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In some fish, _____ are crystals that lie on top of neuromast cells and move with body motion.
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otoconia
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In teleosts, the ______ _______ transfers and amplifies vibrations from the ear region to the swim bladder through fused vertebrae.
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Weberian apparatus
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The minor differnces in the external auditory canal of owls give them what?
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stereoscopic hearing
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A shark's electroreceptor network consists of many _________, innervated by CN __ and distributed by CN __.
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Ampullae of Lorenzini, VIII, VII
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The pit organs in vipers (boid snakes) function as ________.
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thermoreceptors
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