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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the genus and species name of the guinea pig? |
Genus: Cavia
Species: Cavia porcellus |
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What are the TPR's of the guinea pig? |
T: 99.0 - 103.1 P: 240 - 310 R: ???? |
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What is the gestational period of a guinea pig? What is the average? |
59-72 days but the average is 68 days |
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What is the average weight of a female guinea pig? Male? |
•700-900 grams •900-1200 grams |
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What is the average litter size of a guinea pig? What is the usual? |
1-13 but 2-4 is usual |
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What are the daily food and water requirements of a guinea pig? |
•Clean water BOTTLE should be given daily •Should be fed a high-quality commercial feed (not rabbit feed b/c of its fiber content) •Also requires additional Vitamin C |
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What is a female guinea pig called? A male? Babies? |
•Sow •Boar •Pups |
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When do female guinea pigs reach sexual maturity? What about males? |
•2 months •3 months |
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What is the normal birth weight of pups? |
70-100 grams |
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What is the term for parturition in a guinea pig? |
Farrowing |
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What is the weaning age of pups? A) 12 days or 180 grams in body weight B) 7 days or 160 grams in body weight C) 21 days or 180 grams in body weight D) 13 days or 175 grams in body weight |
C) 21 days or 180 grams in body weight |
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What is the length of estrous cycle in guinea pigs? |
15-17 days |
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Name the 6 guinea pig breeds |
•English •Peruvian •Abyssinian •Silkie •Teddy •American Crested Cavy |
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What are the 3 primary breeds of guinea pigs? |
•English •Peruvian •Abyssinian |
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What are the 3 less common breeds of guinea pigs? |
•Silkie •Teddy •American Crested Cavy |
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What breed of guinea pig is used in research? Name two within that breed |
•English •Duncan-Hartley, & Hartley |
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Who has the larger anogenital distance? Male guinea pigs or female? |
Male |
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Female guinea pigs must be bred before the age of _______. A) 6 months B) 3 years C) 4 months D) 2 years
What occurs if they are not bred before that age? |
•A) 6 months •The pelvic symphysis fuses |
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What is the medical term for a guinea pig that presents a copulatory behavior of arching the back and swaying the hindquarters much like a female cat in heat? |
Lordosis |
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Guinea pig pups are born ___________, _________, and ________________. |
•Eyes open •Fully haired •Capable of eating solid food within hours |
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T/F: Guinea pig ears are hairless |
True |
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Guinea pigs have _ digits on hind limbs and _ digits on forelimbs |
3 digits on hind limbs and 4 digits on forelimbs |
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In the thorax of the guinea pig, the right lung is composed of _ lobes while the left lung is composed of _ lobes |
right lung composed of 4 lobes, left lung composed of 3 lobes |
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Guinea pigs have 4 pairs of salivary glands, what are they? |
•Parotid •Mandibular •Sublingual •Molar |
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Guinea pigs have ______ distinct vocal patterns A) 10 B) 13 C) 9 D) 11 |
D) 11 |
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How is the dentition of a guinea pig different from other rodents? |
1 premolar is present in each quadrant |
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In guinea pigs, what is the diastema? |
The small gap between the molars and premolars |
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What is the palatal ostium in the guinea pig? What is significant about this feature? |
•A hole in the soft palate that is the opening between the oropharynx and the rest of the pharynx •Makes endotracheal intubation difficult because it is narrow |
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What is unique about the abdomen of the guinea pig? What glands are present around the anus? What are they used for? |
•Liver is divided into 6 lobes •Sebaceous glands, used for marking |
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What is distinct about the male guinea pig reproductive system? (2) |
•Os penis is present •Testes remain in open inguinal canal throughout it's entire life |
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What are some characteristics of guinea pig urine? |
•Urine is alkaline, highly crystalline •Color usually appears creamy yellow or white |
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How can gender be determined in guinea pigs? |
•Females have a Y-shaped depression in perineal area •Males have scrotal pouch and testes |
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T/F: Ovulation in guinea pigs is spontaneous with estrus lasting 5 to 13 hours |
False - ovulation IS spontaneous but estrus lasts between 6-11 hours |
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Approximately how long after parturition does postpartum estrus occur in guinea pigs? |
2-10 hours |
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What order are guinea pigs in? |
Rodentia |
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T/F: Smaller litters of guinea pigs have shorter gestation periods and larger litters of guinea pigs have longer gestation periods |
False - Smaller litters have longer gestation periods while larger litters have shorter gestation periods |
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T/F: A copulatory plug made up boar secretions is present to confirm mating of guinea pigs |
True |
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Guinea pig mothers-to-be ______ nest prior to farrowing, therefore, pending parturition begins by separation of the fused pelvic bones.
A) Do B)Do not |
B) Do not |
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Pups should remain with the sow until at least ____ days postpartum A) 5 B) 9 C) 6 D) 7 |
A) 5 |
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For the pup's first week, mothers will stimulate _________ and __________ |
Urination and defecation |
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What guinea pig breed has short, smooth, straight hair? |
English |
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What guinea pig breed has long and fine hair? |
Peruvian |
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What guinea pig breed has short, coarse hair that grows in whorls or rosettes? |
Abyssinian |
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What guinea pig breed has long hair that does not cover the face or part down the back? |
Silkies |
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Guinea pig breeding programs may use _________ or __________ systems |
Intensive or nonintensive |
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Which system uses the postpartum estrus period? |
Intensive |
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The sow lactates for approximately ____ weeks, at which time the pups should be fully weaned. A) 6 B) 3 |
B) 3 |
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What guinea pig breed has short hair that is in a single whorl of contrasting color on the forehead? |
American Crested Cavy |
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What guinea pig breed has short, coarse hair that has kinked hair shafts without ridges or rosettes? |
Teddy |
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T/F: Polygamous mating systems involve a single boar to be housed with one to ten sows |
True |
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Describe nonintensive systems |
Sows are removed from the breeding group when pregnant and are not re-bred until after the young are weaned |
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What is the guinea pigs' natural habitat? (4) |
•Temperate forests, rainforests, & grasslands •Social animals that live in groups •Active for the majority of a 24 hour period •Use deserted burrows by other animals for environmental protection |
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What may occur when guinea pigs become frightened? |
may become immobile for up to 20 minutes |
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What are the 6 methods of identification in guinea pigs? |
•Cage cards •Ear notching •Ear tags •Tattooing •Microchips •Markers/dyes |
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Guinea pigs have a strong need for a dietary source of Vitamin ___ to prevent scurvy. This can be supplemented in the diet by what 3 things? |
•C •Water supplement, fresh vegetables (cabbage or kale), or in feed |
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___________ is an important part of nutrition and guinea pigs can lose weight if prevented |
Coprophagia |
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Improper handling of guinea pigs can cause what 3 things? |
•Bruised lungs •Diaphragmatic hernia •Thoracic compression |
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What are the two types of routes for medication administration in guinea pigs? |
•Injections (IM, IP, IV, SQ) •Oral |
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Where can IM injections be administered in the guinea pig? |
Quads & SM/ST |
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Where can IV injections be administered in guinea pigs? (6) |
•Lateral metatarsal •Penile •Lingual •Saphenous •Cephalic •Marginal ear veins |
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_____mL of sugar or syrup can be added to _____ liter(s) of drinking water to unpalatable medications |
5mL, 1 liter |
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Where can small blood samples be collected from in the guinea pig? (3) |
•Toenail clip •Saphenous vein •Cehalic vein |
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Where can up to 8mL of blood be collected from in the guinea pig? (3) |
•Jugular •Femoral artery •Cranial vena cava |
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What is the whole blood volume in rabbits? |
55-70 mL/kg |
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What is the second pair of of incisors termed in rabbits? |
Wolf teeth/peg teeth |
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How often do rabbit teeth need to be trimmed? |
Every 6-8 weeks |
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What organ serves as a thermoregulator in rabbits? |
Ears |
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T/F: Rabbits CAN vomit |
False |
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What are cecotrophs? |
Night feces |
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In rabbits, who has a larger anogenital distance, males or females? |
Males |
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Describe the breeding colonies for rabbits |
1 buck to 10-20 does |
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How long after coitus does ovulation occur in the rabbit? |
Approx. 10 hours |
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When does weaning occur in rabbits? |
5-8 weeks |
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How do rabbits communicate? |
Through scent, touch, and thump cues |
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Rabbits cannot tolerate temperatures below _____ and above ______. Room temperature should be maintained in the upper _______ |
•Below 39 and above 82 •60's |
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What are the daily food and water requirements for rabbits? |
Food: 50g/kg
Water: 50-150 mL/kg |
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Where is the pulse taken in a rabbit? |
Femoral artery |
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Rabbit teeth can grow up to ________ per year |
5 inches |
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What prohibits vomiting in rabbits? |
Limiting ridge at junction of esophagus & stomach |
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What are the injection sites in rabbits? |
•SQ •IV - marginal ear vein •IM - epaxial, SM/ST, quads •ID |
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What are the blood collection sites in rabbits? |
•Cephalic •Central auricular artery •Saphenous •Jugular •Marginal ear vein |
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Where can you not place a catheter in a rabbit? |
Ear veins b/c they're too delicate, but you CAN place it in cephalic, saphenous or jugular |
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What is the genus and species name of rats? |
•Rattus
•Rattus norvegicus (pet or lab rat), Rattus rattus (wild rat) |
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Which have longer tails, male or female rats? |
Males |
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What are the functions of the rat tail? (2) |
•Balance •Thermoregulator |
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What is special about the feet pads of rats? |
Contain the only sweat glands of the body |
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What is the weight of male rats? Females? |
•Males: 267-500 g •Females: 225-325g |
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What are the characteristics of newborn rats? (3) |
•Born hairless •Deaf •Blind |
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What is the gestation length of a rat? |
21-23 days |
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What is the act of parturition in rats? What is the avg rat litter size? What are baby rats called? |
•Rearing •6-13 •Pups |
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What is the weaning age of rats? |
21 days |
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Rat forelimbs contain __ digits while hindlimbs contain ___ |
4, 5 |
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When do female rats reach sexual maturity? Males? |
•37-67 days •40-75 days |
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What is significant about the rat reproduction? What is estrus cycle length? Postpartum estrus occurs ___-____ hours after parturition |
•Continuously polyestrous •4-5 days •20-24 hours |
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Give the TPR's of the rat |
T: 99.9 P: 313-493 bpm R: 71-146 bpm |
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Why are rats the best choice for research? (6) |
•Prolific - Incr. breeding •Easily housed •Easily handled •Inexpensive •Adapt to most environmental changes •Dependable breeders |
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What is the Harderian gland in rats? What is its function? What causes this to occur? |
•Lacrimal gland of the eye •Secretes porphyrin, red-pigmented substance (red tears); will increase when rat is ill or stressed |
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What is the term for a rat that is ill or stressed? |
chromodacryorrhea |
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T/F: Rat nares can close under water |
True |
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T/F: Rats do not have tonsils |
True |
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How many pairs of salivary glands do rats have? |
3 |
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What is stored around the neck region of the rat? What does this do? (2) |
•Brown fat •Provides increased energy storage & is a metabolic regulator |
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T/F: Rats can vomit and they do have a gallbladder |
False- they CANNOT vomit and they DO NOT have a gallbladder |
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When does breeding occur for rats? |
Generally, at night |
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Rat copulatory plug persists for ___ - ____ hours post mating due to semen mixing w/ vaginal secretions Why is this used? |
•12 - 24 hours •To confirm mating (same as guinea pigs) |
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Newborn rat ears open between ___ - ___ days. Eyes open between ___ - ____ days. They are fully haired by __ - ____ days. Begin eating solid food by the end of the ______ week |
•3-5 days •7-14 days •7-10 days •Second |
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What are the two mating systems for rats? Describe each |
•Monogamous - one female to one male •Polygamous - two or more females to one male |
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What are the two breeding systems for rats? What are the adv. & disadv. of each? |
•Intensive Adv. polygamous: least space, post-partum estrus Disadv. polygamous: Incr. in incidence of fighting, injury to offspring, & stress to females (pregnant or nursing) •Non-intensive Adv.: decr. in fighting, stress, & injury to offspring Disadv: Decr. in offspring |
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What is the daily consumption of rat feed? How should they be fed? |
•5g/100g Body Weight/day •Generally fed ad lib |
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What are the 2 types of genetics in rats? |
Stocks & Strains |
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What is stock genetics in rats? |
Randomly bred - AKA "Outbred" Similar characteristics but not genetically identical |
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What are commonly used outbred stocks of rats? (3) |
•Sprague-Dawley (SD) •Long-Evans (LE) •Wistar (WI) |
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What is strain genetics in rats? Genetically heterozygous or homozygous? |
•Inbred -> considered this when at least 20 gens of bro-sis or parent-offspring matings occur •Homozygous |
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Why do some inbreeding fails occur in rats? |
Occur due to "inbreeding depression" |
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What are some commonly used inbred strains of rats? (5) |
•Albany (ALB) - in mammary tumor studies •Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat (SHR) - in HBP studies •Brown (BN) - in leukemia studies •Buffalo (BUF) - in autoimmune disease studies •Fisher344 - in esophageal & bladder carcinoma |
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What is the term for a group of rats? |
A mischief |
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T/F: Rats are not colorblind |
False - they ARE colorblind |
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What is coisogenic? Congenic? |
•Genetic mutation in existing strains •Mutation that arises in one strain and is transferred to another |
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What is athymic? |
Nude |
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What is hybrid? |
•Mating between two inbred strains |
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What is transgenic? |
Removing a specific DNA from one strain and inserting them into an ovum. ex: Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's |
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What is the lowest certificate of vet techs? What agency is used to get certified? |
•ALAT •AALAS |
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What agency must approve the experimental design if live animals are used? They also approve all animals that are being used. |
IACUC (Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee) |
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Should the surgery room be under +ve or -ve pressure? |
Positive |
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What is the principle federal statute governing the safe handling, transport & safe use of animals? |
Animal Welfare Act |
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The _________is responsible or all aspects of animal use, education, health, & compliance w/ all laws & regulations |
IACUC |
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The _______ enforces the AWA |
USDA |
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The _________ is the federal govt. agency that administers laws that protect human health & environment |
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
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__________ is a private non-profit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through a voluntary accreditation program |
AAALC (Assoc. for Assessment & Accreditation of Lab Animal Care) |
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What is a conventional facility? |
Animals rooms & support areas that have single doors that open into a central corridor |
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What is a double corridor facility? |
"Clean/dirty" - rooms and areas have 2 doors entering the clean corridor and the other to the dirty |
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What is a barrier facility? |
Same as double but personnel must shower before entering animal rooms |
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What are containment facilities? |
Personnel must shower before entering and when they leave |
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What cage system is used to measure urine & feces? |
Metabolism |
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_____________ animals have undefined microflora. (demonstrated to be free of of certain pathogens, but not free of unspecified ones) |
SPF (Specific Pathogen-free) |
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What does brown fat in the neck do? |
Metabolic regulation |
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Rat parturition is termed ________ |
Rearing |
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What is the dental formula for a rabbit? |
2(I2/1C0/0P3/2M3/3) |
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What is applied research? |
The use of existing knowledge for solving a biomedical problem like developing vaccines |
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What is clinical research? |
Build knowledge gained in basic & applied research •always conducted on live animals & humans |