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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maternal Antibodies survive in the body of the young animal for approximately _________.
A) 24 - 48 hours B) 12 weeks C) 12 months D) 2 weeks |
b
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The type of immunity that develops during life as a result of exposure to particular antigens that have managed to bypass the innate mechanisms and is described as being “specific” is:
A) Antiserum B) Diapedesis C) Acquired D) Innate |
C
|
|
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Organs and tissues of the immune system include all of the following except:
A) Thyroid B) Thymus C) Bone marrow D) Spleen E) Tonsils |
a
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|
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The T-lymphocytes mature in the:
A) Thyroid B) Adrenal C) Thymus D) Bone marrow |
c
|
|
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The lymphocytes that are the main regulators of the immune defense and whose primary task is to activate B cells are:
A) Eosinophils B) Erythrocytes C) Killer T cells D) Helper T cells E) Mast cells |
d
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What is the most important first line of defense against foreign cells, proteins, and viruses:
A) Phagocytosis B) Natural killer cells C) Macrophages D) Skin and secretions |
d
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|
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Symptoms of anaphylaxis are related to the action of _________ which act to release histamine and other substances from ___________.
A) IgG , Erythrocyte B) IgA , Monocytes C) IgE , Neutrophils D) IgE , Mast Cells |
d
|
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The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body, in saliva, and in tears is:
A) IgE B) IgG C) IgA D) IgM |
c
|
|
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An acute systemic and sever allergic reaction which may occur in some animals in response to vaccines, bee stings, or medications is known as:
A) Anaphylaxis B) Toxoid C) Complement D) Coprophagy E) Adjuvant |
a
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|
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___________ are plasma proteins of the class called immunoglobulins that are produced in the body and help protect against infections.
A) Pyrexias B) Pyrogens C) Antibodies D) Interferons E) Antigens |
c
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|
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As humans and animals age, all of the following changes occur with the immune system except:
A) Becomes less able to distinguish self from nonself and autoimmune disorders can occur B) Macrophages destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other antigens more slowly C) There are more lymphocytes capable of responding to new antigens. D) Reduced amount of antibody produced. |
c
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___________ are plasma proteins of the class called immunoglobulins that are produced in the body and help protect against infections.
A) Antigens B) Pyrogens C) Antibodies D) Interferons E) Pyrexias |
c
|
|
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The lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow then migrate to the bone marrow, Peyer's patches in the small intestines and other sites and are important in the production of antibodies are:
A) Erythrocytes B) B-cells C) Helper T cells D) Killer T cells E) Eosinophils |
b
|
|
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The most abundant circulating antibody, (constitutes about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood) which crosses the placental barrier during pregnancy to impart natural passive immunity to the offspring is:
A) IgM B) IgA C) IgG D) IgE |
c
|
|
|
The type of immunity where production of specific antibodies by B-cells occurs is:
A) Humoral immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Passive immunity D) Maternal immunity |
a
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|
|
The type of immunity that is present from birth and does not depend on exposure to any particular antigen and is considered to be “non-specific” is:
A) Antiserum B) Diapedesis C) Acquired D) Innate |
d
|
|
|
The lymphocytes that specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and sometimes also by bacteria are:
A) Erythrocytes B) Eosinophils C) Killer T cells D) Helper T cells E) Mast cells |
c
|
|
|
The type of immunity where the T-cells develop the ability to destroy specific antigens is:
A) Maternal immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Humoral immunity D) Passive immunity |
b
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A/an __________ is anything that the body can recognize as foreign (ex. Bacteria, viruses, etc.).
A) Pyrogen B) Interferon C) Pyrexia D) Antigen E) Antibody |
d
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A synonym for antibody is:
A) Interleukin B) Complement C) Immunoglobulin D) T cell |
c
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Insoluble oil or aluminum, or _____________, are added to some killed antigen vaccines in order to enhance the immune response elicited by a killed antigen is:
A) Adjuvant B) Attenuation C) Toxoid D) Coprophagy E) Complement |
a
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|
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The type of immunity where the T-cells develop the ability to destroy specific antigens is:
A) Humoral immunity B) Maternal immunity C) Passive immunity D) Cell-mediated immunity |
d
|
|
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An acute systemic and sever allergic reaction which may occur in some animals in response to vaccines, bee stings, or medications is known as:
A) Anaphylaxis B) Toxoid C) Complement D) Adjuvant E) Coprophagy |
a
|
|
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What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?
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connective.
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Name the 4 types of bones
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. Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.
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Name and describe the parts of a long bone
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Epihysis – at each end, made up of cancellous bone covered with thin layer of compact bone. Diaphysis – shaft of the bone. Epiphysis seal – growth plate, composed mainly of cartilage until the animal is finished growing, then ossifies.
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Name the 3 types of bone cells and their functions
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Oesteoblasts: secrete the matrix of bones and supply minerals necessary to harden it. Oesteocytes: oesteoblast trapped in the ossified matrix, can become oesteoblasts again if necessary. Oesteoclasts: necessary for taking bone away from where it is not needed and allow body to withdrawal calcium from bones when needed.
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Describe the bone marrow and its components
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Red marrow: forms red blood cells. Yellow marrow: andipose connective tissue, but can revert to red marrow if necessary.
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List the 5 functions of bone.
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. (1) support and(2) protect the soft tissues of the body, and (3) act as levers that the skeletal muscles use to move the body. (4) Storage. They also store minerals, particularly calcium. (5) Blood cell formation.
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Understand how bone fractures heal
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. Hemorrhage at fracture site, fracture hematoma, oestoeblasts form a callus to bridge the fracture gap. Once callus is formed and oneralised basic healing is complete. Then remodeling occurs at fracture site based on mechanical stresses
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List the 3 types of cartilage, their locations and functions
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. Elastic (pharynx and epiglottis), hyaline (trachea, ends of bones) , and fibrous (between veterbrae)
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In a young animal, where does the growth of long bones occur?
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At the Epiphyseal or growth plate.
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What is the physis or epiphyseal plate? Why is this area important?
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Site or cartilage where bones elongate during growth. Important in growth of animal.
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What is hematopoiesis?
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Red Blood cell formation.
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Define bone callus and why it is important
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. The healing tissues that forms at the fracture site. Importance: bridges the fracture gap.
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Does articular cartilage heal easily or quickly? Why?
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Heals slowly as it is avascular.
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List 2 “ball-and-socket joints”.
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Shoulder and hip.
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Define ligament, list function, and list 4 ligaments in the knee
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Bands of fibrous connective tissues located in and around joints. Knee: lateral meniscus, medial meniscus, cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate
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What occurs when a ligament is sprained?
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The ligament is stretched too far from its normal position.
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What occurs when a ligament ruptures?
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It is torn
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Name the 3 types of joint classifications based on the amount of movement possible
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. Hinge, gliding, pivot, ball and socket
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What are the functions of synovial fluid?
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Reduction of friction, shock absorption, nutrient and waste transportation.
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Define menisci and list their functions
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Half moon shaped, cartilaginous structures on the proximal surface of the tibia that helps support the condyles of the femur.
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Abduction
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The withdrawal of a part from the axis of the body
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Adduction
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The act of drawing toward the axis of the body
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Ankylosis
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Abnormal immobility and consolidation of a joint
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Arthrotomy
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Surgical incision of a joint
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Articulation
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A joint; the place of union or junction between two or more bones
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Avulsion
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A tearing away
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Flexion
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The act of bending from a large angle to a lesser angle
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Extension
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A movement that brings the members of the limb toward 180°
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Hyperextension
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Extreme or excessive extension; greater than 180°
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Joint
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Junction between bones
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Joint mice
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Small fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony loose bodies in the synovial cavity of a joint.
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Define tendon and describe its function
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. Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles to bones.
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Define muscle strain
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. Muscle fibers tear as a result of over stretching.
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Ataxia
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Failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action
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Atrophy
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A wasting away or diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part
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Flaccid
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Weak, lax, soft
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Ischemia
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Local and temporary deficiency of blood, due chiefly to the contraction of a blood vessel
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Paralysis
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Loss of voluntary movement in a muscle or muscle group; loss of function (paresis)
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Paraplegia
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Paralysis of the hindlegs and caudal part of the body, both motion and sensation being affected
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Quadraplegia
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Paralysis of all four limbs
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Fascia
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connective tissue: a sheet or band of connective tissue covering or binding together parts of the body such as muscles or organs
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What is meant by “contralateral limb”?
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Opposite side to the other limb.
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Cortisol, Estrogen, and Testosterone are all examples of:
A) Tropic hormones B) Steroid hormones C) Endogenous glucocorticoids D) Exogenous glucocorticoids |
B
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All of the following clinical signs may be seen in a cat with hyperthyroidism except:
A) Hyperactivity / Nervousness B) Cold intolerance C) Polyphagia D) Weight loss |
b
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With severe, on-going hyperglycemia, which of the following emergency conditions may occur?
A) Addison's B) Ketoacidosis C) Cushing's D) Writisonian |
b
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_________ is a clinical condition caused by excessive production and secretion of T3 and T4 and is the most common endocrine disorder seen in ________.
A) Hypothyroidism , dogs B) Cushing's , cats C) Hyperthyroidism , cats D) Addison's , cats |
c
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If the both lobes of the thyroid gland are surgically removed, the gland that could be inadvertently removed or damaged is the:
A) Pituitary B) Parathyroid C) Hypothalamus D) Thyroid E) Adrenal |
b
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Clinical signs that may be seen with hypoglycemia include:
A) Weakness B) Lethargy C) Seizure D) None of the above E) All of the above |
e
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Examples of endocrine glands include all of the following except:
A) Testes B) Salivary C) Adrenal D) Pancreas E) Thyroid |
b
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Dexamethasone, Prednisone, Triamcinalone are all examples of:
A) Tropic hormones B) Exogenous glucocorticoids C) Endogenous glucocorticoids D) Hormones |
b
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Dexamethasone, Prednisone, Triamcinalone are all examples of:
A) Hormones B) Exogenous glucocorticoids C) Endogenous glucocorticoids D) Tropic hormones |
b
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The endocrine gland that is located atop the kidney is the:
A) Hypothalamus B) Pituitary C) Pancreas D) Thyroid E) Adrenal |
e
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The disease where the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate amounts of cortisol and mineralocorticoids is:
A) Hypothyroidism B) Hyperthyroidism C) Diabetes D) Addison's disease |
d
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The clinical signs (PU/PD, weight loss, development of cataracts, ketoacidosis) may be seen in an animal with ____________.
A) Hypothyroidism B) Diabetes C) Addison's disease D) Hyperthyroidism |
b
|
|
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Cortisol, Estrogen, and Testosterone are all examples of:
A) Exogenous glucocorticoids B) Endogenous glucocorticoids C) Steroid hormones D) Tropic hormones |
c
|
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ACTH is secreted by the __________ gland and affects the _________ gland.
A) Pituitary , Adrenal B) Adrenal , Kidney C) Hypothalamus , Pineal D) Thyroid , Parathyroid |
a
|
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If the a testicle is not found in the scrotum by the time the animal is 3-4 months of age it is termed:
A) Preputial B) Cryptococcus C) Cryptomenigeal D) Cryptorchid |
d
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|
|
If the both lobes of the thyroid gland are surgically removed, the gland that could be inadvertently removed or damaged is the:
A) Adrenal B) Parathyroid C) Thyroid D) Hypothalamus E) Pituitary |
b
|
|
|
The clinical signs (PU/PD, weight loss, development of cataracts, ketoacidosis) may be seen in an animal with ____________.
A) Hyperthyroidism B) Diabetes C) Hypothyroidism D) Addison's disease |
b
|
|
|
A synonym for antibody is:
A) Interleukin B) Complement C) Immunoglobulin D) T cell |
c
|
|
|
2. Insoluble oil or aluminum, or _____________, are added to some killed antigen vaccines in order to enhance the immune response elicited by a killed antigen is:
A) Adjuvant B) Attenuation C) Toxoid D) Coprophagy E) Complement |
a
|
|
|
What is the most important first line of defense against foreign cells, proteins, and viruses:
A) Skin and secretions B) Macrophages C) Natural killer cells D) Phagocytosis |
a
|
|
|
The most abundant circulating antibody, (constitutes about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood) which crosses the placental barrier during pregnancy to impart natural passive immunity to the offspring is:
A) IgG B) IgM C) IgE D) IgA |
a
|
|
|
Organs and tissues of the immune system include all of the following except:
A) Bone marrow B) Tonsils C) Spleen D) Thyroid E) Thymus |
d
|
|
|
The type of immunity that is present from birth and does not depend on exposure to any particular antigen and is considered to be “non-specific” is:
A) Antiserum B) Innate C) Acquired D) Diapedesis |
b
|
|
|
An acute systemic and sever allergic reaction which may occur in some animals in response to vaccines, bee stings, or medications is known as:
A) Anaphylaxis B) Toxoid C) Complement D) Adjuvant E) Coprophagy |
a
|
|
|
As humans and animals age, all of the following changes occur with the immune system except:
A) Becomes less able to distinguish self from nonself and autoimmune disorders can occur B) Macrophages destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other antigens more slowly C) There are more lymphocytes capable of responding to new antigens. D) Reduced amount of antibody produced. |
c
|
|
|
The lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow then migrate to the bone marrow, Peyer's patches in the small intestines and other sites and are important in the production of antibodies are:
A) Erythrocytes B) B-cells C) Helper T cells D) Killer T cells E) Eosinophils |
b
|
|
|
The most abundant circulating antibody, (constitutes about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood) which crosses the placental barrier during pregnancy to impart natural passive immunity to the offspring is:
A) IgM B) IgA C) IgG D) IgE |
c
|
|
|
The type of immunity where production of specific antibodies by B-cells occurs is:
A) Humoral immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Passive immunity D) Maternal immunity |
a
|
|
|
The type of immunity that is present from birth and does not depend on exposure to any particular antigen and is considered to be “non-specific” is:
A) Antiserum B) Diapedesis C) Acquired D) Innate |
d
|
|
|
The lymphocytes that specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and sometimes also by bacteria are:
A) Erythrocytes B) Eosinophils C) Killer T cells D) Helper T cells E) Mast cells |
c
|
|
|
The type of immunity where the T-cells develop the ability to destroy specific antigens is:
A) Maternal immunity B) Cell-mediated immunity C) Humoral immunity D) Passive immunity |
b
|
|
|
10. A/an __________ is anything that the body can recognize as foreign (ex. Bacteria, viruses, etc.).
A) Pyrogen B) Interferon C) Pyrexia D) Antigen E) Antibody |
d
|
|
|
Maternal Antibodies survive in the body of the young animal for approximately _________.
A) 24 - 48 hours B) 12 weeks C) 12 months D) 2 weeks |
b
|
|
|
The type of immunity that develops during life as a result of exposure to particular antigens that have managed to bypass the innate mechanisms and is described as being “specific” is:
A) Antiserum B) Diapedesis C) Acquired D) Innate |
c
|
|
|
Organs and tissues of the immune system include all of the following except:
A) Thyroid B) Thymus C) Bone marrow D) Spleen E) Tonsils |
a
|
|
|
The T-lymphocytes mature in the:
A) Thyroid B) Adrenal C) Thymus D) Bone marrow |
c
|
|
|
The lymphocytes that are the main regulators of the immune defense and whose primary task is to activate B cells are:
A) Eosinophils B) Erythrocytes C) Killer T cells D) Helper T cells E) Mast cells |
d
|
|
|
Symptoms of anaphylaxis are related to the action of _________ which act to release histamine and other substances from ___________.
A) IgG , Erythrocyte B) IgA , Monocytes C) IgE , Neutrophils D) IgE , Mast Cells |
d
|
|
|
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body, in saliva, and in tears is:
A) IgE B) IgG C) IgA D) IgM |
c
|
