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288 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are Calciviridae viruses enveloped?
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Calciviridae are non-enveloped
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How big are calciviridae viruses?
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30-40 nm
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What type of symmetry do calciviridae viruses have?
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Icosahedral symmetry
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What type of virus (rna/dna) is calcivirdae?
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(+) ssRNA
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Where do calcivirdae viruses replicate and how are they released?
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They replicate in the cytoplasm and are released by cell lysis. They are stable in the environment, resistant to low pH
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What genus does feline calcivirus belong to?
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Vesivirus
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What is responsible for about 50% of URI in cats?
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Feline calcivirus
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What are the symptoms of feline calcivirus?
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*Fever, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, salivation
*Vesicles, ulcers of oral epithelium, nares * Pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia (some stains) * Association with chronic gingivostomatitis |
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Who is the most susceptible to feline calcivirus?
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•Young cats
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How long is feline calcivirus shed?
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•Continuous virus shedding for months (tonsil, oropharynx)
•Carrier state, reinfection possible |
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Cats are commonly infected with feline calcivirus and what other virus?
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•FHV- 1
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What type of vaccine is available for feline calcivirus?
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•MLV vaccine
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What 4 species does San Miguel sea lion virus infect?
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•Sea lions, seals, walruses, and dolphins
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What are the symptoms of San Miguel sea lion virus?
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•Vesicles and ulcers on snout and flippers
•Abortions |
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Where were the first isolates of San Miguel sea lion virus found?
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•California sea lions in 1972
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What genus does San Miguel sea lion virus belong to?
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• Vesivirus
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What 3 things is vesicular exanthema of swine indistinguishable from?
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•Foot and mouth disease
•Vesicular stomatitis •Swine vesicular disease |
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What are the vesicles for vesicular exanthema of swine?
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•Nose
•Tongue •Teats •Oral cavity •Feet (1-2 weeks, <5% mortality) •Oral transmission from ingestion of dead sea lions or infected pork |
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What genus do rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European brown hare syndrome virus belong to?
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• Lagovirus
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What are the common signs of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
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•Acute hepatic necrosis
•DIC •Pulmonary hemorrhages •Up to 90% mortality with hemorrhage from mouth and nose |
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Where is rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus tested as a biological population control agent?
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•Australia and New Zealand
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What are the symptoms of European brown hare syndrome virus?
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•Similar hemorrhagic disease of hares
•May show minimal gross changes •May develop chronic hepatitis •Lower mortality rate than RHDV |
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What are the 6 endemic areas of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus?
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•Asia
•Europe •Australia •New Zealand •Africa •Cuba •Periodic outbreaks in US (currently eradicated) reportable disease |
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How big is togaviridae?
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•About 70nm
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How big is flavaviridae?
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•50nm
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What type of symmetry does togaviridae have?
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•Icosahedral symmetry
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What type of symmetry does flavaviridae have?
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Icosahedral symmetry (spherical)
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Is togaviridae enveloped?
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•Yes its enveloped
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Is flavaviridae enveloped?
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• Yes its enveloped – tightly adherent lipid envelope
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What type (dna/rna) is togaviridae?
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•(+) ssRNA
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What type (dna/rna) is flavaviridae?
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• (+) ssRNA
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What type of peplomers does togaviridae have?
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Indistinct peplomers
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Where does togaviridae virus replicate?
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•In the cytoplasm
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What genus do Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan encephalitis viruses belong to?
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•Alphavirus
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Where is Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus found and what is the mortality rate?
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• Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, Canada, and S. America
• Up to 80-90% mortality (most severe neurologic disease) |
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Where is Western Equine Encephalitis virus found and what is the mortality rate?
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•Western US, Canada, and S. America
•Up to 10-50% mortality (some mild, subclinical infections) |
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Where is Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus found and what is the mortality rate?
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• Central S. America
• Up to 50-90% mortality |
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When was the last case of Venezuelan Encephalitis virus reported in the US and Mexico?
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• 1971- last outbreak in US
• 1996- last outbreak in Mexico |
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What are the clinical signs of Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan encephalitis?
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• Fever, depression, CNS signs
• Wandering, photophobia, head pressing • Blindness, paralysis, and death |
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What is the gross pathology of Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan encephalitis?
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• Hemorrhagic, encephalitis, myelitis with necrosis
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What other viruses do Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan encephalitis viruses need to be distinguished from?
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• WNV
• EHV-1 • RABV • EPM |
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What genus does west nile virus belong to?
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• Flavirus
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What species does west nile virus cause encephalitis in?
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• Birds, horses, humans, and reptiles (many species)
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What types of birds are highly susceptible to west nile virus?
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• Crows and raptors
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What are the pathological changes that occur in birds with west nile virus?
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•Cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhage, myocardial necrosis, splenomegaly, and enterocolitis
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What are the pathological changes that occur in horses with west nile virus?
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• Hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (brainstem, spinal cord); many cases subclinical
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What are the clinical signs that occur in horses with west nile virus?
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• Fever
• Non-specific CNS signs • Ataxia, weakness, muscle fasciculations, recumbency, and death |
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What is the mortality rate that occurs in horses with west nile virus?
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• 10-50% mortality rate among horses with clinical signs (avg. 33%)
• Many surviving horses with residual clinical signs (40%) |
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What must west nile in horses be distinguished from?
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• EEEV
• WEEV • EHV-1 • RABV • EPM |
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How is west nile virus diagnosed?
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• IgM capture ELISA (serum, csf)
• PCR (brain) (avian: heart, liver, brain) • HI (serum) |
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What genus does bovine viral diarrheal virus belong to?
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• Pestivirus
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What biotypes of bovine viral diarrheal virus are there?
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• Cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes (tissue culture properties)
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What genotypes of bovine viral diarrheal virus are there?
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• Type 1 &2 genotypes (RNA sequence)
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Bovine viral diarrheal virus is a persistent infection that follows in utero infection when?
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• 50-125 days
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What are the signs of acute bovine viral diarrhea virus infection?
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• Generally mild disease
• Role in bovine respiratory disease complex • Fever, leukopenia, (+/-) diarrhea • Noncytopathic or cytopathic virus (most NCP) |
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What type causes severe acute bovine viral diarrhea virus infection?
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• Type 2 BVDV
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What type of vaccines are available for west nile virus?
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* Killed
* Recombinant * Modified live flavivirus chimera vaccine |
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What family and genus does Feline Calicivirus belong to?
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Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Vesivirus |
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What family and genus does San Miguel Sea Lion Virus belong to ?
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Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Vesivirus |
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What family and genus does Vesicular Exanthema of Swine belong to?
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Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Vesivirus |
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What family and genus does Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus belong to?
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Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Lagovirus |
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What family and genus does European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus belong to?
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Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Lagovirus |
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What family and genus do Eastern, Western, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses belong to?
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Family: Togaviridae
Genus: Alphavirus |
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What family and genus does west nile virus belong to?
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Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Flavivirus |
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What family and genus does Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus belong to?
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Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Pestivirus |
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What family and genus does Border Disease Virus belong to?
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Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Pestivirus |
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What family and genus does Classical Swine Fever Virus belong to?
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Family: Flaviviridae
Genus: Pestivirus |
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What family and genus does Equine influenza belong to?
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Family: Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus)
Genus: Influenzavirus A |
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What family and genus does Canine Influenza belong to?
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Family: Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus)
Genus: Influenzavirus A |
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What family and genus does Avian Influenza belong to?
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Family: Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus)
Genus: Influenzavirus A |
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What family and genus does Swine Influenza belong to?
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Family: Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus)
Genus: Influenzavirus A |
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What family and genus does Canine Distemper Virus belong to?
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Morbillivirus |
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What family and genus does New Castle Disease Virus belong to?
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Avulavirus |
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What family and genus does Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2 belong to?
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Rubulavirus |
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What family and genus does Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV) belong to?
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus:Respirovirus |
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What family and genus does Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus belong to?
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Pneumovirus |
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What family and genus does Rabies virus belong to?
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Family: Rhabdoviridae
Genus: Lyssavirus |
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What family and genus does Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus belong to?
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Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Aphthovirus |
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What family and genus does Equine Rhinitis A Virus belong to?
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Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Aphthovirus |
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What family and genus does Porcine Teschovirus belong to?
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Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Teschovirus |
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What family and genus does Swine Vesicular Disease belong to?
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Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Enterovirus |
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What family and genus does Equine Rhinitis B Virus belong to?
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Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Erbovirus |
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What is the homologous challenge faced with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
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*When noncytopathic strain mutates to cytopathic strain and cow develops mucosal disease (no Ab response)
*Persistently infected will produce more pers. inf. (must be culled) |
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What is the heterologous challenge faced with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
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Noncytopathic infected cattle introduced to cytopathic strain and produces an Ab response
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What is recovery rate of acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
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* 90% recovery
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What reproductive and congenital defects are seen with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus?
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* Abortions
* Cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal degeneration, optic neuritis, cataracts, skeletal malformations, hypotrichosis, growth retardation * Blindness |
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Persistent infections of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus depend on when calf was infected in utero - on what certain days will specific defects occur?
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• Days 50-100: fetal death, abortion, mummification, persistent infection
• Days 100-150: congenital defects (pers. inf. up to ~125d) • Days 150-partuition: calf can mount immune response |
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What are the symptoms of cattle with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus who are persistently infected and have developed mucosal disease?
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* Erosions, ulcerations of GI tract, diarrhea and lymphopenia
* Peyer’s patch necrosis, depletion of GALT * HIGH mortality |
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Does the cytopatheic or noncytopathic strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus cause mucosal disease?
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* Both NCP and CP found w/ this
* Can be acute or chronic |
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Does the cytopatheic or noncytopathic strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus cause severe acute BVD (hemorrhagic disease)?
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* Both NCP and CP found w/ this
(mostly NCP) |
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What are the symptoms of cattle with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus who have developed severe acute BVD (hemorrhagic disease)?
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* Thrombocytopenia (so low that it can become unmeasureable)
* Systemic hemorrhages w/ bloody diarrhea * May mimic mucosal disease |
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What is another name for Border Disease Virus?
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“Hairy Shaker Disease”
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How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus diagnosed?
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* Virus isolation (whole blood, mucosal or nasal swab)
* ELISA Ag capture (serum, ear notch) * Immunohistochemistry (ear notch) * PCR (lympatic tissue, blood, pooled milk, pooled or single ear notch) * SN- types 1,2 (serum) |
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How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus controlled?
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* Removal of persistently infected animals from herd
* Vaccination (MLV, killed, type 1,2) * Vaccination may not pervent in utero infections |
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When do the persistent infections of Border Disease Virus occur in utero?
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At 70-90 days
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What are the symptoms of Border Disease Virus?
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* Causes abnormal hair coat
* Muscle tremors due to demyelination of CNS * Abortions, congenital abnormalities, still births * Subclinical infection in immunocompetent adults * Can get rare mucosal disease * Similar to BVD (antigenically distinct) |
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What is another name for Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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Hog Cholera
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Is Classical Swine Fever Virus a reportable diease?
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Yes- highly contagious disease of pigs
REPORTABLE DISEASE! |
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Where does Classical Swine Fever Virus replicate?
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Replication in lymph nodes, tonsils
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What symptoms are seen with Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Fever, leukopenia, vomiting, diarrhea
* Can get secondary viremia w/ disseminated infection * Vasculitis and widespread hemorrhage |
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What are the 3 types of Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Acute
* Mild * Chronic |
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What are the signs of acute Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Highly virulent
* Fever, hemorrhage, hyperemia, cyanosis, ataxia * Convulsions and ultimately death w/in 10-20 days |
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What are the signs of chronic Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Similar to acute but less severe
* Dullness, diarrhea, erythema * Death in > 30 days |
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What are the signs of mild Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Can have relapses
* Stillbirths, repro failure and neonatal death * Persistent infections |
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Where is Classical Swine Fever Virus endemic?
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Asia, Central and South America, parts of Europe and Africa
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How is Classical Swine Fever Virus transmitted?
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* Transmission via secretions, excretions, semen and blood
* Also vehicles, clothes, instruments, needles, uncooked food fed to pigs * Transplacental infections can lead to persistent infections |
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What must Classical Swine Fever Virus be differentiated from?
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* African swine fever
* BVD * Salmonellosis, Erysipelas |
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How is Classical Swine Fever Virus diagnosed?
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* PCR (NVSL)
* Immunofluorescence * Virus isolation |
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What type of sample must be submitted to diagnose Classical Swine Fever Virus?
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* Lymphoid tissue (tonsils, LNs, spleen, distal ileum)
*Kidney |
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How is Classical Swine Fever Virus controlled?
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* Slaughter of affected pigs
* Burial or incineration of carcasses * Vaccination (MLV and subunit vacc) - not in US |
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How large are Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus)?
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80-120nm (large)
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How large are Paramyxoviridae?
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150-300 nm (BIG)
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What type of symmetry do Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus) viruses have?
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Spherical or filamentous controlled
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What type of symmetry do Paramyxoviridae viruses have?
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Helical
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Are Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus) viruses enveloped?
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Yes with spikes (HA,NA)
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Are Paramyxoviridae viruses enveloped?
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Yes
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What type (DNA/RNA) are Orthomyxoviridae (Influenzavirus) viruses?
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(-) ssRNA
*Segmented genome (8) |
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What type (DNA/RNA) are Paramyxoviridae viruses?
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(-) ssRNA
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What does the hemagglutin (HA) of influenza virus do?
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*Binds to static acid residues on host cell causing fusion of membrane with endosome
* Results in neutralization of epitopes |
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What does the neuramindase of influenzavirus do?
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* Cleaves sialic acid residues of host cell (major antigenic determinant) --> liquification of muscles
* This can be blocked by oseltamivir (tamiflu) |
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What does M1 of influenzavirus do?
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Provides stability
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What does M2 of influenzavirus do?
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Causes influx of H+ to lower pH to uncoat nucleic acid
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What does influenzavirus need for attachment?
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*Trypsin and trypsin-like proteases (only found in host respiratory tract) are needed for attachment (via extracellular cleavage of HA)
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Where does influenza virus replicate?
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* Replicate in nucleus (even though an RNA virus)
* Steals cap from host, “cap snatching” |
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What are the 4 mechanisms of genetic variation of influenza virus?
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1. Point mutations
2. Genetic reassortment 3. Genetic recommbination 4. Antigenic Shift |
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What occurs during point mutations of influenza virus?
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* Random change in a single nucleotide
* Due to lack of proofreading of RNA polymerase * Mulltiple point mutations needed for new strain * Passage through multiple hosts necessary for this |
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What occurs during genetic reassortment of influenza virus?
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*Swapping of entire gene segments
* Mixed infection necessary |
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What occurs during genetic recombination of influenza virus?
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*Swapping of small regions of gene segments
*Single or mixed infections more minor changes |
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What occurs during antigenic drift of influenza virus?
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Major changes lead to a whole new virus
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What is the reservoir for influenza virus?
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* Migratory waterfowl (can carry all strains), localized to only GI tract and shows no disease, shed in their feces
*Aerosols |
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What is the order for nomenclature of influenza virus?
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Virus type/ origin/ strain #/ year isolated/ subtype
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How do low pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus cause infection?
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* HA cleaved by trypsin-like proteases
* Located in upper and lower respiratory tract * Extracellular clevage |
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How do high pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus cause infection?
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* Altered HA (insertions, alteration at cleavage site)
* Cleavage by systemic proteases * Intracellular cleavage * Systemic replication of virus * Damage to vital organs (spleen, liver, lung, kidney) |
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Who does equine influenza affect?
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• Affects young horses
• Mild disease w/ high morbidity |
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Where does equine influenza replicate?
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Replicates in respiratory epitheal cells
*Leads to ciliary stasis |
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What are the clinical signs of equine influenza?
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• Fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dry cough
• Laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis • Can develop secondary bacterial infection due to ciliary stasis • Very contagious • Recover in 7-10d to 2-3wks |
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How is equine influenza diagnosed?
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* History (acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease)
* HI (serum) * ELISA (nasal secretions, lung tissue) - human influenza A test kits used * Virus isolation (likely negative once progresses to bacterial infection) * PCR |
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How is equine influenza treated?
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* Rest (minimum 3 weeks)
* Supportive care |
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How is equine influenza controlled?
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* Isolation of new horses
* Vaccination (H3N8 and H7N7) - killed and intranasal MLV available (temp-sensitive) - short term immunity |
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What genus does equine influenza belong to?
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Influenza A
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What was the adaptation of equine influenza that was first reported in racing greyhounds in 2004?
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H3N8
(hemorrhagic pneumonia and death) |
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What is the morbity and mortality rate of dogs with H3N8?
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• High morbidity (80%) and low mortality (1-5%)
* All dogs susceptible |
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What are the clinical signs of H3N8?
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• Mild to severe resp. disease, can sometimes be mistaken for kennel cough
* Fever, nasal discharge |
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What are the clinical signs of mild form of H3N8?
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* Low grade fever w/ persistent dry to moist (productive) cough
* 10-21d recovery |
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What are the clinical signs of severe form of H3N8?
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* High grade fever w/ increased respiration and pneumonia
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How is canine inflenza (H3N8) diagnosed?
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* HI (serum) - acute and convalescent serum (2-3 weeks apart)
* PCR (nasal swab) - may miss other serotypes * Virus isolation (difficult and often negative) * Flu antigen ELISA kit |
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How is canine inflenza (H3N8) treated?
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Supportive care
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How is canine inflenza (H3N8) controlled?
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* Cleaning and disinfection
* Isolation of dogs with resp. disease * Inactivated vaccine (Decreases severity, duration of disease, and viral shedding) |
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What are the two subtypes of swine influenza?
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H1N1 (N. America) and H3N2 (Europe)
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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• Acute, contagious resp. disease in pigs (fever, nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea)
* High morbidity, rapid recovery in 5-7 days • Explosive outbreaks in fall and winter, esp. in young pigs • Can develop bronchopneumonia * Can progress to interstitial pneumonia |
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How is swine influenza diagnosed?
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* History
* H1N1 and H3N2 Ab ELISA (serum) * Virus isolation (nasal secretions, lung) * HI (serum) |
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How is swine influenza treated?
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Supportive care
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How is swine influenza controlled?
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* Management
* Reduce stress * Vaccination (killed, contain H1N1 and H3N2) |
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What types of birds does avian influenza primarily affect?
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• Turkeys and chickens
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What are the clinical signs of Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)?
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* Sneezing, coughing, sinusitis
* May be subclinical * Decreased egg production low morbidity AND low mortality |
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What are the clinical signs of high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)?
|
* Severe systemic disease
* HIGH mortality (90-100%) * Hemorrhage and edema, cyanosis of combs and wattles * Hemorrhage of trachea, SQ, skeletal muscle and viscera * Involves resp, digestive, and urogenital tract * Can have CNS involvement * Sudden death |
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What is the mortality rate of high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)?
|
* HIGH mortality (90-100%)
* H5N2 and H7N1 predominate * 493 human cases with 60% dying from it REPORTABLE DISEASE |
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How is avain influenza diagnosed?
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* Clinical signs
* AGID (serum) basic screening test * ELISA (serum) * HI (serum) * Virus isolation (embryonated chicken eggs) * PCR |
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How is avain influenza controlled?
|
* Vaccination (killed and recombinant vaccines)
* Routine disease surveillance * Quarantine of affected flocks, depopulation * Disinfection of premises |
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How big are Bornaviridae viruses?
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100-300 nm
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What is the symmetry of Bornaviridae viruses?
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Icosahedral, spherical
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Are Bornaviridae viruses enveloped?
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Yes, w/ surface glycoprotein spikes
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Where do Bornaviridae viruses replicate?
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Replicates in nucleus and intranuclear inclusions
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How are Bornaviridae viruses transmitted?
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Nasal secretions, saliva, olfactory route
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How do Paramyxoviridae viruses replicate?
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• They have fusion proteins which fuses membranes together
* Virus spreads from cell to cell without leaving cell and leads to cells w/ multiple nuclei (syncytia formation) • Uses stop-start transcription to produce muliple. mRNA |
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What species does canine distemper virus affect?
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dogs, ferrets, skunks, raccoons
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What are the target organs for canine distemper virus?
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Respiratory system and CNS
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What is the order of location of invasion in the body for canine distemper virus?
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1. Respiratory epithelium - week 0
2. Local lymphoid tissue - week 1 3. Systemic lymphoid tissue - weeks 1-2 4. Humoral and cellular immune response or invasion of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts - weeks 2-3 5. Recovery (immune response) or clinical signs/subacute encephalitis/death- weeks 2-12 |
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What are the clinical signs of canine distemper?
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* Diphasic fever
* Oculonasal discharge * Leukopenia * Vomiting and diarrhea * Pneumonia * CNS signs * Secondary infections |
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What CNS clinical signs would you see of animals with canine distemper virus?
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* Encephalitis w/ demyelination leading to paresis or paralysis (Occurs following inital recovery)
* Convulsions, twitching, chewing gum fits and padding * “old dog encephalitis” (occurs years after initial infection, actually persistence of defective virus) |
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What clinical signs would you see on the footpads and skin of animals with canine distemper virus?
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* Footpad and nasal hyperkeratosis
* Vesicular and pustular dermatitis on abdomen * Delayed response due viral persistence in skin |
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What clinical signs would you see of animals who were infected in utero with canine distemper virus?
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* Enamel hypoplasia and loss
* Destruction of ameloblasts during gestation |
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How is canine distemper virus diagnosed?
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* History (unvaccinated dog with fever, respiratory disease, CNS signs)
**** Immunofluorescence (conjunctival scrapings, buffy coat)***** *Serology (IgM, ELISA) * PCR: (CSF, swab, tissue, or blood) * Histopathology: interstitial pneumonia, intracytoplasmic and/or intranuclear inclusions, syncytia |
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What is the prognosis of canine distemper virus infected dogs who showed GI or respiratory signs?
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* Fair prognosis with good supportive care
* May have permanent damage to mucocilliary apparatus * Increased susceptibility to resp. infections * Neurological signs may develop up to 3 months after infection |
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What is the prognosis of canine distemper virus infected dogs who showed GI or neurological signs?
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* Poor prognosis
* Neurological damage often permanent |
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How long can virus shedding persist in recovering infected canine distemper dogs?
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* Virus shedding may persist up to 3 months in recovered dogs
* Separate from other dogs fon minimum of 3 weeks and from puppies, unvaccinates, or immunosuppressed dogs for 3 months |
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What genus does canine distemper virus belong to?
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Morbillivirus
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What species does Rinderpest affect?
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Cattle and Buffalo
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Where is rinderpest virus endemic?
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Middle east, Africa, and India
* last outbreak in Kenya 2001 |
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Is rinderpest virus reportable?
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Yes- fatal, highly contagious disease
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What are the clinical signs of rinderpest virus?
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* Fever
* Leukopenia * Mucosal erosions, ulcerations, bloddy diarrhea * Pyer's patch necrosis, lymphoid depletion |
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What must rinderpest virus be differentiated from?
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BVD and MCF
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What species does Newcastle disease virus affect?
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* Resp. and GI disease in chickens, turkeys, and wild birds
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What are the 3 forms of Newcastle disease virus?
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* Velogenic form
* Mesogenic form * Lentogenic form |
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How viruent is the velogenic form of Newcastle disease and whats the mortality rate?
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Virulent w/ 90% mortality
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How viruent is the mesogenic form of Newcastle disease and whats the mortality rate?
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Moderately virulent w/ <25% mortality
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How viruent is the lentogenic form of Newcastle disease?
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Low virulence (MLV vaccines)
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What is the virulence of Newcastle disease dependent on?
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On the activation of fusion protein by cellular proteases
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What clinical signs are seen with viscerotrophic velogenic form of Newcastle disease?
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Acute and lethal disease w/ GI hemorrhage, resp. signs
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What clinical signs are seen with neurotrophic velogenic form of Newcastle disease?
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CNS and resp. disease
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What clinical signs are seen with mesogenic form of Newcastle disease?
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Acute resp. disease, CNS involvement in young chickens
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What clinical signs are seen with lentogenic form of Newcastle disease?
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Mild or inapparent resp. disease
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What clinical signs are seen with asymptomatic-enteric form of Newcastle disease?
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Subclinical infection w/ lentogenic virus
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How is Newcastle disease clinically diagnosed?
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* Resp. and/or nervous signs
* Drop in egg production * Diarrhea, hemorrhage * Periorbital and neck edema * Conjunctivitis ****Zoonotic RISK******** |
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What genus does Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2 belong to?
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Rubulavirus
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What other disease does Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2 contribute to?
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Infectious tracheobronchitis "kennel cough" along with CAV-2 and B. bronchiseptica
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What are the clinical signs of Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2?
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* Subclinical or mild infection that is self limiting
* Fever, nasal discharge w/ a harsh nonproductive cough * Tonsillitis and pharyngitis * Tracheobronchitis |
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What type of vaccinations are available for Canine Parainfluenza Virus 2 and when should they be given?
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* Combination vaccines available
* Less than 6 months of age, prior to boarding/showing |
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What genus does Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV) belong to?
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Respirovirus
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What disease does Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV) contribute to?
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* Contributes to bovine resp. disease complex “shipping fever”
*Along w/ M. haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni viruses: IBR, BRSV, BVDV, BCoV |
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What are Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV) infections related to?
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Stress related
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What is the pathogenesis of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV)?
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* Viral replication in alveolar macrophages and resp. epithelium
* Decr. local immunity and damage to mucociliary apparatus * Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia |
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What tytpe of vaccination is available for Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV)?
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*Combination vaccination
(BPIV-3, BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV) |
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What species does Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus affect?
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Resp. disease of cattle, sheep and goats
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What genus does Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus belong to?
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Pneumovirus
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What 3 main things does Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus cause?
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1. Subclinical or mild resp. disease in adult cattle
2. Causes severe interstitial pneumonia in calves < 6mos 3. Contributes to bovine resp. disease complex |
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What are the clinical signs of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
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* Fever, dyspnea, cough, open-mouth breathing
* Most recover w/in 1-2 weeks * Severe disease, death due to secondary bacterial pneumonia * Related to high percentage of calf pneumonias |
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What pathological changes occur with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
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* Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, emphysema, and secondary bacterial infections
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What are the 2 characteristic features of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
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Syncytial cells and cytoplasmic inclusions
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How is Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus treated?
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Antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infections
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What types of vaccinations are available for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
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MLV and Killed vaccines available
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What genus does Turkey rhinotrachetis virus belong to?
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Metapneumovirus
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What species does Turkey rhinotrachetis virus affect?
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Acute upper respiratory disease of young turkey, chicken (pheasant, Muscovy duck)
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What are the clinical signs of Turkey rhinotrachetis virus?
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* Coughing, sneezing, open-moth breathing
* Rhinitis, foamy conjunctivitis, frothy nasal exudate * Swollen infraorbital sinuses, periorbital/facia ("swollen head syndrome") * Mild tracheitis, airsacculitis |
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What is the morbidity and mortality rates of Turkey rhinotrachetis virus?
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High morbidity, low mortality (30-80% with secondary baterial infections)
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How is Turkey rhinotrachetis virus controlled?
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Vaccination
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How big is Rhabdoviridae?
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180 x 80 nm
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What type of symmetry do Rhabdoviridae viruses have?
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Helical
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What type (DNA/RNA) of virus is Rhabdoviridae?
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(-) ssRNA
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Are Rhabdoviridae viruses enveloped?
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Yes, bullet shaped w/ peplomers
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How do Rhabdoviridae viruses replicate?
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Intracytoplasmic inclusions called “negri bodies”, CLASSIC
Stop-start transcription |
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How are Rhabdoviridae viruses transmitted?
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Bite wounds, saliva
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Where was there a previous outbreak of Borona disease?
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Previous outbreaks of neurologic disease in horses in Borna, Germany
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What is Borona disease virus associated with in people?
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* Associated w/ neuropsychiatric disease in people (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)
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How does the Borona Disease Virus travel through the CNS?
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Virus travels through CNS intra-axonally
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How is Borona Disease Virus transmitted?
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Nasal secretions, saliva, olfactory route
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What clinical signs will you see in a horse with Borona disease?
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• Fever, colic, coughing, anorexia
• Nystagmus and blindness • Excitability, drowsiness, abnormal posture, ataxia, paresis, paralysis, death |
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What pathological changes occur with animals with borona disease?
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•Causes encephalomyelitis
* Intanuclear inclusions • Viral persistence in face of cell mediated response |
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What is another name for Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)?
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“macaw wasting disease”
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What is the classical sign of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)?
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Proventricular dilatation or dysfunction
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What are the clinical signs of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)?
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* Proventricular dilatation or dysfunction
* Depression and weight loss * Dysphagia, regurgitation, passage of undigested seeds * CNS signs * Death in 6-12 months |
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Where does inflammation of myenteric ganglia and nerves occur with birds with Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)?
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• Upper GI
• Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nn, heart, smooth mm. and adrenal glands are other organs affected |
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What genus does rabies virus belong to?
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Lyssavirus
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Where does the rabies virus bud from?
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Virus buds from cell membrane
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What species in Texas are the biggest carriers of rabies?
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Skunks and Bats
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What species in the USA are the biggest carriers of rabies?
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Skunks, Bats, & Raccoons
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What is the incubation period of rabies?
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3-8 wks (can be much longer)
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What is the prodromal stage of rabies and how long does it last?
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Time when change in temperament occurs
*lasts 2-3 days |
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How long does the furious phase of rabies last and what clinical signs are seen?
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*Lasts 2-4 days
* Aggressive behavior *Restlessness * Hypersensitivity to stimuli, hypersalivation, paralysis of CN 9 (can’t swallow) and pharyngeal mm., muscle spasms |
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How long does the paralytic (dumb) phase of rabies last and what clinical signs are seen?
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Lasts 2-4 days
* Seizures, coma, and death |
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What pathological changes occur in animals infected with rabies?
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* Encephalitis, perivasculitis(mild in ruminants,severe in dogs)
* Myelitis, hemorrhage (Brainstem & cervical spinal cord, ox and horse) * Negri bodies present in neurons |
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How do you test for rabies virus?
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* Direct immunofluorescence assay of whole brain tissue
* Ship on ice but do not freeze * Report to TX dept of State Health Services in Austin |
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How big are Picornaviridae viruses?
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25-30 nm
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What type of symmetry do Picornaviridae viruses have?
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Icosahedral (spherical, smooth)
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What type (DNA/RNA) are Picornaviridae viruses?
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(+) ssRNA
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Are Picornaviridae viruses enveloped?
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NO
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How are Picornaviridae viruses transmitted?
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* FMDV: Direct contact, food, straw, fomites, people, aerosol droplets
*Teschovirus: shed in feces, transmitted by ingestion |
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What is the pathogenesis of Picornaviridae viruses?
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Post translational processing --> cuts polypeptide to make different proteins
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What genus does foot-and-mouth disease virus belong to?
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Aphthovirus
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What species does foot-and-mouth disease virus affect?
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Vesicular disease of cattle and pigs (sheep, goats, llamas, wildlife)
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What is the morbidity and mortality of foot-and-mouth disease virus?
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* High morbidity but low mortality
* Lasts 2-3 weeks |
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What does the long convalescent period of foot-and-mouth disease virus result in?
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Decreased milk production and growth
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How long can foot-and-mouth disease virus live in pharyngeal tissue?
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Can last up to 3 yrs in pharyngeal tissue
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What is the incubation period of foot-and-mouth disease virus?
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3-5d incubation period
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How much money can be lost if foot-and-mouth disease virus isnt diagnosed?
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$ 1 million per hour if FMD not diagnosed (trade restrictions)
***Huge production losses**** |
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How does animal become infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus?
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Infection through direct contact, food, straw, vehicles, animals, people, airborne droplets (250 km)
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What are the clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease virus?
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* Fever, off feed, decr. milking
* Lameness, excess salivation * Vesicles: feet, oral cavity, teats, rumen, fluid from ruptured vesicles contain virus * Acute death in the young |
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What are the endemic areas of foot-and-mouth disease virus?
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Africa, South America, Asia
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What are the clinical sins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine?
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* Sore feet, sloughed hooves (vesicles come and go quickly)
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How long does immunity from the foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination last?
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6 months
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How is foot-and-mouth disease virus contolled?
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Vaccination (multiple serotypes & effects on exports)
OR Slaughter (mass slaughter acceptance & carcass disposal) |
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What genus does Swine Vesicular Disease belong to?
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Enterovirus
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Where is Swine Vesicular Disease endemic?
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Vesicular disease of pigs in Europe and Asia
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What disease is Swine Vesicular Disease indistinguishable from?
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Indistinguishable from FMDV
**Both are reportable diseases*** |
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What are the clinical signs of Swine Vesicular Disease?
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* Lameness
* Vesicles on feet, nose, lips and tongue |
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How is Swine Vesicular Disease transmitted?
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Direct contact and contaminated pork products
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What are the four vesicular diseases that must be differentiated from?
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1. FMD
2. Swine Vesicular Disease 3. Vesicular stomatitis 4. Vesicualar exanthema |
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What species are sensitive to foot-and-mouth disease? Which are resistant?
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Sensitive: Ox, sheep, pig
Resistant: Horse |
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What species are sensitive to Swine Vesicular Disease disease? Which are resistant?
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Sensitive: Pig
Resistant: Horse .Ox, sheep, |
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What species are sensitive to Vesicular stomatitis disease? Which are resistant?
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Sensitive: Ox, sheep, pig, horse
Resistant: none |
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What species are sensitive to Vesicualar exanthema? Which are resistant?
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Sensitive: Pig
Resistant: Horse .Ox, sheep |
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What genus does Porcine Teschovirus belong to?
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Teschovirus
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What are the clinical signs of Porcine Teschovirus?
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* Polioencephalomyelitis in pigs (similar to polio)
* Ataxia, tremors, convulsions, paralysis and death * Affects medulla and ventral horns of spinal cord |
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How is Porcine Teschovirus shed?
|
Shed in feces
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How is Porcine Teschovirus transmitted?
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Ingestion
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What were the two examples of serotypes of Porcine Teschovirus?
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Teschen disease (severe form: Africa, Europe)
Talfan Disease (mild form; worldwide) ***Multiple serotypes**** |
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What genus does Equine Rhinitis A Virus belong to?
|
Aphthovirus
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What Equine Rhinitis A Virus previously known as?
|
Equine Rhinovirus 1
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What is the the only non FMDV Aphthovirus?
|
Equine Rhinitis A Virus
|
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What are the clinical signs of Equine Rhinitis A Virus?
|
* Acute resp. disease
* Fever, nasal discharge, cough, pharyngitis, lymphadentitis |
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What does Equine Rhinitis A Virus need to be differentiated from?
|
EHV-1, EHV-4, EAdV-1, Equine Influenza virus (hard to differentiate)
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How is Equine Rhinitis A Virus controlled?
|
* No vaccine
* Limited diagnostic testing * Persistence and long term shedding ***Large outbreaks reported, most horses are seropositive ****Broad host range, including humans |
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What genus does Equine Rhinitis B Virus belong to?
|
Erbovirus
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What was Equine Rhinitis B Virus previously known as?
|
Equine rhinovirus 2
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What virus is the only member of the Erbovirus genus?
|
Equine Rhinitis B Virus
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What are the clinical signs of Equine Rhinitis B Virus?
|
* Clinical signs similar to Equine Rhinitis A
* Acute resp. disease * Fever, nasal discharge, cough, pharyngitis, lymphadentitis |
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What does Equine Rhinitis B Virus need to be differentiated from?
|
EHV-1, EHV-4, EAdV-1, Equine Influenza virus
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Can Equine Rhinitis B Virus infect humans?
|
May infect humans (low Ab titers have been reported in some vets)
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