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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
13-1 |
-Freud viewed the unconscious mind as someting beneath our awareness with thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Thoughts can be temporarily stored in a "preconscious area". Unconscious mind "repressed" feelings that were too painful to acknowledge but still had great influenced people in disguised form.
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13-2
What was Freud's view of personality? |
-Human personality-including emotions and strivings-arise from a conflict between impusle and restraints-between our aggressive, pleasure seeking biological urges and our internalized social control over these urges.
-Personality arises from our effort to resolve this basic conflict-in a way that brings satisfaction but not guilt or punsihment. |
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13-3
What developmental stages did Freud propose? |
-Psychosexual sstages during early development include:
* Oral *Anal *Phallic *Latency *Genital |
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13-4
How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety? |
-Defense mechanisms are tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality:
*Regression *Reaction Formation *Projection *Rationalization *Displacement *Denial |
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13-5
Which of Freud's idea's did his followers accept or reject? |
-Some followers accept the idea of ide, ego, and superego, the importance of unconsciousness, childhood personality shaping, and anxiety dynamics and defense mechanisms.
-Place more emphasis on the conscious mind with experiences and the environment interpretation. -Doubing sex aggression as motivation, childhood is more social not sexual. |
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13-6
What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them? |
-personality test designed to trigger projections of one's nner dynamics.
-Critics say evidence is insufficient, only few tests have demonstrated validity, and professionals can be fooled by their assumtions and intuition which lacks evidence for effectiveness-and new ways of thinking are necessary. |
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13-7
How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis? |
-Development is life-long, not fixed in childhood.
-Overestimated parental influence, underestimated peer influence. -Dispute that dreams disguise and fullfil wishes. -Little support that defense mechanisms discuise sexual and aggressive impulses or that supressed sexuality causes psychological disorders. -Scientific shortcomings-offer few testable hypothesis, fail to predict. -Repression is a rare response to trauma. |
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13-8
How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious? |
-Two track mind and unconsciousness are significant.
-confirmed defense mechanisms: projection and anxiety. |
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13-9
How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality? |
-Humanistic psychologists view personality with a focus on potential for healthy personal growth. their goal is to help others know, accept, and be true to themselves.
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13-10
How did humanistic psychologists assess a person's sense of self? |
-Some use questionairres to evaluate patients ideal self others discourage self assessments and use interviews and intimate conversations to understand a person.
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13-11
How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced? |
-Ideas have influenced counseling, educatoin, child rearing, and management.
-Today's popular psychology that postive self concept is the key to happiness and success. -Critics say its vague and subjective. -Description of spontaneous, loving, self-accepting and productive are the theorists own valuews. -Individualism leads to self indulgence, slefishness, and erosion of moral constraints. -Subjects are "naive" and fail to appreciate the human capacity for evil that requires enough realism to fuel concern and enough optimism to provide hope. |
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13-12
How do psychologists use traits to describe personality? |
-Psychologists determine personality by placing people on several trait dimension simuteaneously which enables countless individual personality variations.
-Psychologists condense descriptions to a list of manageable traits by using techniques such as "factor analysis": *extraversion, introversion, and emotional instability/stability. -Psychologists also take biology into account when using traits to describe personality; with brain activity scans. Genes determine temperment and behavior which determines traits-personality. |
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13-13
What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknessess? |
-Personality inventories are questionairres on which people respond to items designated to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
-System's objectivity has contributed to its popularity and translation into more than 100 languages. -Objectivity does not guarantee validity and bias or misleading answers from subjects can give inaccurate results. |
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13-14
Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variations? |
-"The Big Five" are currently psychology's best approximation of the basic trait dimensions.
*Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion- |
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13-15
Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time across situations? |
-Yes, research supports consistency with personality traits, and as we grow older, our personalities stabilize.
-Personality is both stable and potent but our behavior changes with situations;-interactions with our inner dispositions and environment. |
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13-16
Who first proposed the social cognitive perspective, and how do these theorists view personality development? |
-Social cognitive perspective on personality was first proposed by Albert Bandura.
-Views behavoir as influenced by the interactio between people's traitsand their social context. We learn many behaviors through conditioning or imitating/observing others. |
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13-17
How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticisms have they faced? |
-Social cognitive researchers explore behavior through how people react to situations; often observing behavior in realistic situations. Determined either through a person's past behavior or simulating the tasks and observing how they handle it.
-Critics state that social-cognitive theories focus so much on situations that they fail to appreciate inner traits and biological influences such as unconscious motives, emotions, and pervasive traits. |
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13-18
Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and human well-being? |
-Psychology has determined that "self"-organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, is the center of personality.
-High self-esteem is a feeling of self worth, resulting in better sleep, less pressure to conform, more persistent at difficult tasks, and less shy, anxious, and lonely. -Low self esteem can ressult in racial prejudism, oversensitive, judgemental, excessively critical. |
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13-19
What evidence reveals self serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self esteem differ? |
-Self-serving bias is our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably; seen when accepting responsibility for good deeds and not accepting responsibility for failures.
-Defensive self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining self, failures and criticisms are perceived as threatening, which can feed anger and disorder. -Secure self-esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluations. Focuses on acceptance for who we are and less on materialism which relieves unnecessary pressure to succeed resulting in a greater quality of life. |