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76 Cards in this Set
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seasonal work for peasants
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Spring- plow lands and prepare for planting
Summer- tend to lands/garden fall- slaughter and harvest |
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Peasant Holidays
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Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, marriages, baptisms were all celebrated with large feasts
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Women's roles
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carry and bear children, spin and weave clothes, tend gardens, provide meals, work in fields
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Aristocrat's and war, church's stance on war
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Church willing to justify violence against peace-breakers and for the cause of Christianity
knighthood and nobility |
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Aristocratic Women
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Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)- bore children and active role in politics, helped rebel
Blanche of Castile (1188-1252)-ruled France, repelled attempts and catching her son, defeated Henry III "she ruled as a man" |
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Marriage patterns for nobility
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establish alliances with other families, bring wealth, provide heirs
wide age discrepancy no divorce |
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Knight
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mounted warriors who fought in return for weapons and heeds
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Chivalry
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ideal of civilized behaviors
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Melee
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tournaments on horseback and fought with blunted weaponry in a free for all combat
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jousting
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individual combat between two knights
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Trade
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increased trade caused money economy to emerge
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Commercial capitalism
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economic system in which people invested in trade and goods to profit
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guilds
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groups of similar minded craftsmen, almost like a union
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apprentice
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one who wants to learn a trade
works under a master craftsman start around age of ten not paid, but received room and board 5-7 years of service |
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journeyman
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Worked for wages for other craftsmen
Create a masterpiece to become a master craftsmen |
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master craftsman
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guild members, trained apprentices
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Bologna
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First European university, coincided with revival of interest in Roman law
promised freedom for students |
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Paris
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First recognized university
Notre-Dame |
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lecture
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latin for "to read"
masters read from texts and provided commentaries |
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How do you distinguish Nocardia from Actinomyces?
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Modified acid fast stain
*Nocardia has mycolic acid Aerobic & anaerobic culture *Nocardia do NOT grow anaerobically *Actinomyces will (FA) |
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Aquinas
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1225-1274
Studied theology at Cologne and Paris "A Summa of Theology" dialectical method of scholasticism- pose a question, source opposing views, and conclude with making own decisions |
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Abelard
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1079-1142
taught theology in Paris furthered scholastic methods "sic et Non (yes or no)" |
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Flying Buttress
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heavy arched pier of stone built on the outside of walls and distributed weight of vaulted ceilings
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Romanesque
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"A white mantle of churches"
Made of stone vaults and pillars, dark inside |
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Gothic architecture
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Ribbed vaults and pointed arches
stained glass flying buttresses |
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William the Conqueror
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1066-1087
treated all of England as a royal possession Domesday Book created a strong, centralized monarchy |
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Plantegenet Kings
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created under Henry II
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King John I
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1199-1216, Henry's son
forced to assent to the Magna Carta |
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Magna Carta
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"great charter"
feudal document aimed at limiting government practices that affect relations between king and his vassals and between the king and the church |
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Edward I
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1272-1307
began uniting all British Isles into a single kingdom reestablished monarchial rights Parliament began to be defined |
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Capetian Dynasty
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had little real power
French |
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Phillip II
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1180-1223
quadrupled income of French monarchy inaugurated French royal bureaucracy |
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Louis IX
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1226-1270
religious, seen as a saint attempted to bring justice and ensure individual's rights |
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Phillip IV
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1285-1314
strengthened French monarchy established efficient royal bureaucracy French parliament (estates-general) |
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Reconquista
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a sacred mission
reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian rulers and their armies |
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El Cid
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Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
famous military adventurer fought both Christians and Muslims made own Kingdom: Valencia (1094), retaken over by Muslims at his death |
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Las Navas de Tolosa
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crucial battle place in 1212
Alfonso IV crushed Muslim forces with his army of 60000 led to Christian victories over the next 40 years |
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Mongol Empire
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pastoral people
Mongolia formed clans and tribes moved westward against Islams conquered Baghdad and destroyed Abbasid conquered Russia and worked their way into w. europe |
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Genghis Khan
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"universal ruler"
1162-1227 originally Temuchin created a powerful military force and devoted himself to fighting |
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Khubilai Khan
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Genghis Khan's grandson
completed conquest of China and established Yuan Dynasty moved China's capital to Khanbaliq, which became Beijing |
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Pope Gregory VII
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elected pope in 1073, believed he was chosen by God to bring reforms
wanted to restore church freedom by eliminating lay investiture |
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King Henry IV
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1056-1106, King of Germany
had appointed high-ranking clerics as vassals to have them as admins, which was challenged by Pope Gregory VII |
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Investiture Controversy
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immediate cause was a disputed election to the bishopric in Milan
Pope Gregory VII excommunicated King Henry IV, and was later granted absolution ended by Concordat of Worms in 1122 created by a new king and pope |
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excommunication
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censure by which a person is deprived of receiving the sacraments of the church
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"papal curia"
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administrative staff of the Catholic Church
composed of cardinals who assist the pope and elect new popes |
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church hierarchy
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Pope and Cardinals
Archbishops (control Archdiocese) Bishop (control diocese) Priest (control parish) |
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interdict
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a censure by which a region or country is deprived of sacraments in the Catholic church
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indulgences
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remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin, granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds
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purgatory
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defined by the Catholic church as a place where souls went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed in life
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Selijuk Turks
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group of people that posed a threat to the Fatimids
nomads from Central Asia who converted to Islam Military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate Took over E provinces of Abbasid caliphate Exert military pressure on Egypt and Byzantines |
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First Crusade
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1096
French warriors made their way into the east, captured Antioch, and made their way down the Palestinian coast. The French reached Jerusalem in 1099. The warriors placed themselves into four crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. The crusader states had to operate surrounded by Muslim territories and grew to become dependent on the Italians. |
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Second Crusade
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ended up failing, and Muslim forces recaptured the state of Edessa
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Third Crusade
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fought in reaction to the Muslim’s taking of Jerusalem in 1187
led by 3 major monarchs: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Richard I, and Philip II Augustus. The attempts failed as well, with the death of Barbarossa and the secession of Philip II. King Richard was able to negotiate a settlement for Christians to have free access to Jerusalem. |
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Fourth Crusade
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initiated by Pope Innocent, crusaders took over Constantinople to create a new, Latin, Constantinople in 1204.
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Fifth Crusade
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1219
tried to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims in Egypt. The Crusade failed, and the leadership structure of the Crusades was reevaluated and papal authority over the Crusades was removed. |
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Sixth Crusade
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which had no papal support, was led by Frederick II, the German emperor. Frederick took the throne in Jerusalem without a fight. Jerusalem fell apart when Frederick left.
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Seventh and Eighth Crusades
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poorly organized and complete failures
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Battle of Manzikurt
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battle leading up to the Crusades
1071 Turks defeated Byzantine forces |
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massacre of Jews
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became a side effect of the Crusades
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The plague (black death)
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mid-fourteenth century
most devastating natural disaster in European history |
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Genoese Merchants
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brought the plague from Caffa to Sicily in October 1347
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reactions to the plague
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people began living for the moment
people viewed the plague as a punishment from God |
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flagellants
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1348 German "revolt"
wanted to cleanse themselves of sin began to attack Jews and clergy |
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pogroms
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organized massacres against minorities in Germany
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Great Schism
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crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes, ended by the Council of Constance
lasted for nearly 40 years caused Europe to divide loyalties |
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Avignon papacy
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1305-1377
papal prestige declined because pope no longer resided in Rome, seemed too close to the French monarchy |
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"unam Sanctum"
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most important papal letter written by Boniface VIII
1302 strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority over the temporal authority |
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Venice
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major northern Italian state
grew from commercial activity source of political power was in the great Council |
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Florence
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initially a free commune dominated by patricians known as the grandi
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Milan
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located in the fertile Po valley
one of the richest city-states Visconti family |
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Golden bull
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document issued by Emperor Charles IV in 1365 that stated that four lay princes and three ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors with legal power to elect the king
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Joan of Arc
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experienced visions and came to believe that her favorite saints had commanded her to free France and have the dauphin King.
brought 100 years war to a turning point killed at the charges of witchcraft |
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Battle of Crecy
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1346
massive French defeat |
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Battle of Poitiers
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1346
ended the first phase of the 100 years' war Black Prince forced to battle, English win and capture French King |
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Battle of Agincourt
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1415
French defeat (6000 losses to the English 300) Henry V invaded France while France was in distress and civil war |
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English Longbow
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had more speed of fire than the crossbow
important in the Battle of Crecy |