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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Women's Peace Party
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(1915)
Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt were involved (Catt left the party because it was "a man's thing", Addams remained active throughout the entire war) |
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The Department of Labor Creates a "Women's Bureau"
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-1920- -lead by Grace Abbot
-Job: to give reports of how the workplace affected women and children- The Women's Bureau began keeping statistics on: number of women in the workforce, pay, age |
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Sigmund Freud
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said that women didn't have any sexual organs and so they suffered from penis envy and that the only way they could make up for it was by bearing sons, and that women are passive by nature
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Flappers
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-called flappers because of the way that they wore their boots
-smoking was popular -pre-maritital sex was still taboo, and there was little straight-forward information about it -Fashion: -skirts came just below the knee, no corsets, no bra's (girls wanted to be slim) |
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Clara Bow
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"the 'it' girl"
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Lucy Page Gaston
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tried to discourage women from smoking
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Dr. Celia Mosher
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conducted "The Mosher Survey" (1890's-1920's)
-interviewed women about their sex lives and the general attitude was "less is more" |
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Emma Goldman
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-socialist, very radical political views
-regarded marriage as an economic trap for women -considered birth control liberation for women |
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Margaret Sanger
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-nurse in New York City who saw the horrors of repeated pregnancies
-saw birth control as a free speech issue because it was considered to be "obscene" -found out that in Holland they had developed diaphragms (Holland looked at Birth control as a health issue, women in Holland who wanted a diaphragm got a full health exam) -was arrested in 1917 and 1921 -founded The American Birth Control League in 1921 (in 1942 it became Plan Parenthood) -was very interested in eugenics (population control to create only "perfect people") |
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Zora Neale Hurston
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-writer and anthropologist (wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God"), in her books she wrote in dialect
-prominent figure in "The Harlem Renaissance" -studied at Columbia under Franz Boaz (famous anthropologist) |
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Aimee Semple McPherson
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-preacher "Evangelist" in Los Angeles
-her message was love -disappeared and was found weeks later at a hotel having an affair with her married radio announcer -tried to make a comeback but never could and eventually killed herself |
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World War I
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(1914-1919)(U.S. 1917-1919)
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Stock Market Crash
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- (1929)
-President: Herbert Hoover -people began naming things after him (empty pockets- hooverflags, slums- hoovervilles) |
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Election of 1932
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-Republicans put up Hoover
-Democrats put up Franklin Delano Roosevelt -F.D.R.-Elected in: 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944 |
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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-involved in: writing, social work, the settlement house movement, unions
-recommended women for government positions -had a history of activism and was involved with: -The League of Women Voters (formerly NAWSA) -The Women's Trade Union League -active in the democratic party; supported progressive reforms -was paid for much of her work (including: a radio broadcast, articles, her newspaper column); received 70,000 dollars a year -invited all to write to her; got millions of letters -lobbyist for women -knew everyone and had a vast network of women nationwide |
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________ workers we're losing their jobs every week
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100,000
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In the 1930's women were excluded from:
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-75% of school teaching jobs
-50% of public utilities jobs (secretarial work for gas, electric, and water companies) -13% of department store jobs |
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birth rates were lowest in ____
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1932
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contraceptives legalized in most states by ____
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1936
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marriage rates hit bottom in ____
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1934
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the number of lynchings _________ in the 1930's
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doubled
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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-founded by Jessie Daniel Ames
-all white organization of religious southern women -severely criticized lynching; named names and demanded that they be prosecuted |
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Molly Dewson
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-part of the democratic party
-with Eleanor Roosevelt created a "Women's Division" |
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Frances Perkins
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-became Secretary of Labor (Labor Dept)
-under her: Women's Bureau, Children's Bureau |
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Mary McLeod Bethune
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-black; daughter of former slaves
-was appointed Director of Negro Affairs -active in "National Association of Colored Women's Clubs" -tried to help all students equally |
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The National Youth Administration
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supplied scholarships and work-study programs
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Federal Civil Service Law
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(1932-1937)
-said that no more than one family member could hold a job |
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National Economy Act
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- (1933)
-designed to balance the budget; the policy was to lay off married women first |
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Social Security
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-(1935)
-limited to wage earners -excluded: -domestic work -farmers (many of which were women and minorities) |
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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- (1886)
-greatly favored skilled workers -the policy in the 1930's was to discourage the hiring of married women |
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Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
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- (1938)
-joined with the AFL in the 1950's |
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Mildred Jeffrey
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-headed up the Women's Bureau of the United Auto Workers
-was especially interested in recruiting African American women |
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United Cannery Workers
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-(1929)-Los Angeles Strike
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Luisa Moreno
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-Lead the Los Angeles Strike of United Cannery Workers
-got women to bring their children to the houses of the factory owners to protest (children's pickets) -de-pantsing scabs |
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World War II
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(1939; US enters in 1941-1945)
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Executive Order 9066
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- (1942)- lead to the building of "Relocation Camps"
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Women in the Military.
Divisions: |
-WACS- Army
-WAVE- Navy -WASPS- Air Force (Women's Air Force Service Pilots) |
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Rules for women in the military:
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-no women in combat
-no women in overseas duty -no women with young children in the military -no women in charge of male troops |
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______ women served in WWII
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350,000
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Airplane Factories:
1941 & 1943 numbers of female workers |
-1941: 143 female workers
-1943: 65,000 female workers |
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1945- Department of Defense Survey
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showed that 75% of women workers wanted to keep their jobs
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Typical Working Woman (1945)
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-middle class
-middle aged -married -mothers (over 35% were married with children) |
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Levit Towns
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first housing developments
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Marynia Farnham
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-Freudian psychologist
-wrote "The Modern Woman" -called feminism "a deep illness" |
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Jessie Bernard
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created the "marriage gradient"
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Dr. Benjamin Spock
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-gave "expert" advice on babies
-too much/ too little mothering was bad (too much-sissies; too little-delinquents) |
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Kinsey Report (1953)
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-interested in collecting information by interview, and contrasting the ideas
-found that 25% of college women had premarital sex (50% of the 25% said that they did not regret it) -concluded that the most sexually satisfied women were lesbians |
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Del Martin
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founded Daughters of Bilitus
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President's Commission on the Status of Women
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(1961)
-created by John Kennedy |
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Ester Peterson
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head of the Women's Bureau-Labor Dept.
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President's Commission on the Status of Women Report: American Women (1963)
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-considered the question: Was an Equal Rights Amendment (no discrimination on the basis of sex) needed?
-President's Commission says: NO |
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Gallup Pole (1962)
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-measuring women's happiness:
-96% said that they were extremely/very happy -90% said that they did not want their daughters to lead the same kind of life; they wanted them to be more educated and marry later |
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Brown v Board of Education
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(1954)
-struck down "separate"but equal" -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought the case challenging "separate but equal" -Thurgood Marshall (later became the first african american to serve on the supreme court) was the lawyer; he presented both sociological and psychological evidence -segregation applied to all public facilities, not just schools |
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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1955
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Joann Robinson
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-Formed the "Montgomery Improvement Association"
-used the network of black churches to get people interested -organized and called for a bus boycott |
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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-local Baptist minister, leader in the bus boycott
-26 years old -with other Baptist ministers, formed "The Southern Christian Leadership Conference" -Formed his philosophy from that of Thoreau |
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Daisy Bates
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NAACP leader in Little Rock
(1957) |
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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1960-1965
-created by young people who wanted to join the Civil Rights Movement -did sit-ins, later changed focus to voter registration -1965- -white students dropped out -"black power" -began to push for faster change -became no longer strictly nonviolent |
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Ella Baker & Fanny Lou Hamer
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middle aged women who helped get SNCC started
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Fanny Lou Hamer
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-fired from her job for trying to register to vote
-sterilized while she was under anesthesia for surgery because she was "mentally unfit" |
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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1960-1965
-focused on black communities in northern cities -encouraged community organization -1965 changed to strictly anti-Vietnam War protests -anti-war protests marginalized women because they were not eligible for the draft; this left women with no clear role |
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Equal Pay Act (year)
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(1963)
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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
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-original text written by Susan B. Anthony
-equality of rights shall not be denied on the basis of sex |
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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
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(1964)
-Title VII -There would be no discrimination on the basis of: race, color, natural origin, religion, or sex (*sex added at the last minute by congressman Howard Smith, VA) -Main Idea: No public discrimination in public faciliites -the inclusion of sex, in the act, negated the protective laws(those in support of the protective laws wanted to apply them to all people) -Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC); where people brought disputes, cases of discrimination |
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National Organization for Women (NOW)
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(1966)
-started by Betty Freidan and other female politicians to protect women's rights in the public sphere -First President: Betty Freidan -mostly older professional women -mostly moderate and practical in pushing for reform -Supports ERA -in 1972 congress approves ERA; did not get enough states by 1982 and was not passed |
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg
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-Lawyer for NOW
-2nd woman appointed to the supreme court (in 1993 by Clinton; 1st was Sandra Day O'Connor) |
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STOP-ERA
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-group headed by Phyllis Schlafly
-raised questions about: military combat, homosexual marriage, alimony, said it would "threaten traditional family values and roles" |
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Jeanne Holm
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first major general in the air force
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Radical Feminist Groups
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1965-1975
-most members were white, college age, middle class women -became known as "Consciousness Raising Groups" (CR Groups) -"The personal is political"-JoAnn Freeman; what appear to be personal problems often is a widespread social problem that may have a political solution -Functions of CR Groups: to study and understand the problem and then take public action against it |
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New York Radical Women
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(1967)
-Issue: The 1968 Miss America Pageant -Action: Went to the pageant headquarters, paraded a sheep around the room, and crowned it |
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Red Stockings
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(1969)
-marxist group -Issue: Abortion -Action: Speak-out -resulted in the supreme court case Roe v Wade |
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Roe v Wade
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(1973)
-Jane Roe-pseudonym of woman in case; Wade-attorney general -Set up a trimester system: -1st (1-3) states could not prohibit abortions, the decision was left to the women and doctors -2nd (4-6) states could regulate abortions for health reasons -3rd (7-9) states could prohibit abortions -these laws are illogical, there is no way to tell exactly when the baby was conceived |
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Plan Parenthood v Casey
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(1992)
-supreme court said that states could regulate abortions as long as it was not an "undue burden" on the women -states required that a minor's parents be informed of the abortion -states did not require a wife to tell her husband; this was not forced because of potential wife abuse |
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Stonewall Riot
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NYC (1969)
-Police raided gay bars; law: a person had to be wearing 3 pieces of "gender appropriate" clothes |
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Lavender Menace
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RadicaLesbians
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PORNOGRAPHY
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(1980)
-Pro-porn: this was a free speech issue -Anti-porn: argued that pornography encourages the degradation of women, which leads to discrimination on the basis of sex; it should be outlawed because it violates the Civil Rights Act |
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Indianapolis Ordinance
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(1984)
-outlawed porn, resulted in the court case: American Booksellers v Hudnut -American Booksellers v Hudnut (1985) |
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Women Against Pornography (WAP)
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-anti-porn feminist group
-joined by The Moral Majority(extremely conservative religious group) |
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Feminists Against Censorship Taskforce (FACT)
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-pro-porn feminist group
-joined by The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) |
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Ellison v Brady
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1991- "Reasonable Woman"
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Harris v Forklift Systems
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(1993)- "Reasonable Person"
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