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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Peace of Augsburg
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An agreement where each German prince or elector could decide whether his state would be Lutheran or Catholic
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characteristics of the renaissance
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1350 - 1550
based on secular matters focus on individualism |
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location + names of the 5 major religions
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Christianity - Americas, Australia, S. Africa, Europe, parts of Russia
Islam - N. Africa, Middle East Judaism - Israel, N. America Buddhism - SE Asia Hinduism - India |
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The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West African civilizations was based on...
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Gold and Salt
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reason for creation of the church of england
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Henry VIII wanted an annulment (she couldn't provide a male heir), so he broke off from the Catholic Church (the Act of Supremacy) and created the Church of England
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calvinism (was based on...)
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form of Protestantism - predestination
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edict of nantes
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Henry of Navarre came to power and stated religious toleration for Huguenots and that they could hold public office (1598)
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humanism
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an intellectual mvmt based on the classics of Ancient Greece and Rome (Liberal Arts Education today)
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secular
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worldly
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vernacular
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the common/local language
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reasons for the age of exploration
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Gold, God, Glory (goal = find a water route to Asia)
Portugal = leader |
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encomienda system
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forced labor system used in the Americas
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social hierarchy of Spain's colonial empire
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peninsulares
creoles mestizos natives LIBERATORS - Jose de San Marin, Simon Bolivar |
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peninsulares
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Europeans sent to L. America to control the Natives (political positions)
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creoles
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Born in Latin America to parents of European descent
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mestizos
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mixed race - natives/Europeans
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Columbian Exchange
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A global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and food, that connected the western & eastern hemispheres.
new culture was introduced to new areas slavery, potato famine, diseases spread |
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Line of Demarcation
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An imaginary line that divided the Atlantic according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, east of the line was Portugal and west of the line was Spain
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Triangular Trade
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A transatlantic trading network - Europe, West African coast, Indies
Middle Passage: the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies (the middle link of Triangular Trade) |
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Inflation
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when prices are raised for everything and the value of money is therefore less
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Ottoman Empire (location, janissaries, trade)
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Balkans, Bosporus + Dardanelle Straits, Mecca/Medina, Istanbul, Hungary, Eastern Europe, Middle East
janissaries: recruited Christians who converted to Islam and were trained as infantry (they were a tax) Trade: ceramics + coffee, weapons, silk, rugs, jewelry, pottery Istanbul = center of trade |
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Mughal empire (location, trade)
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the Indian subcontinent
traded textiles, spices, gems, tropical foods |
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Taj Mahal
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mausoleum built by Shah Jahan in memory of his 3rd wife
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Japan's policy of isolationism
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Limited trade + foreign influence because Europeans were bringing in Christian influences (jesuits)
changed during the tokugawa shogunate - trade flourished |
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China's policy of isolationism (why and how)
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Limited European traders to a small island - could stay Oct. to March and could only deal w/ some Chinese firms
because Europeans were bringing in Christianity |
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Effect of slave trade on Africa
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local warfare
population declined lost faith in gods art deteriorated |
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mercantilism
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an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become more self-sufficient
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Scientific Revolution (emphasis, importance)
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- it led people to start questioning things and some of the main scientific ideas used today came from then
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Heliocentric theory
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Earth revolves around the sun, not the other way around (also, rotates on its axis)
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Divine right of Kings
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Kings got their power to rule from God
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Glorious Revolution in 1688 (bill of rights)
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Kick out James II (he fled)
Parliament invited William and Mary to take the throne (1688) Glorious - no bloodshed William and Mary signed Bill of Rights |
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Purpose of Enlightenment (define, goals)
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Loose-knit group of writers and scholars who believed that humans could apply a critical reasoning spirit to every problem in the world.
(improve gov't) |
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Congress of Vienna (participants, goals)
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goals - restore the old order
balance military + political power make countries around France stronger |
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Causes of the French Revolution
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enlightenment
american revolution bad harvests (famine) deficit spending unequal representation 3rd estate paid all the taxes |
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Goals of the French Revolution
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no lettre de cachet
every tax on every estate (taille) every tax only for a limited amount of time the meetings of the Estate General had to have definite times the votes in the assembly should be taken and counted by head |
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balance of power
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goal of the Congress of Vienna - balance military + political power
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3 estates of the french revolution
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1st estate - clergy
2nd estate - nobles 3rd estate - bourgeoisie + peasants/commoners |
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the declaration of rights of man and citizen
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Drafted by the National Assembly
Conflict - the Declaration stated women were citizens, but denied them active political participation |
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russian defeat of Napoleon (how)
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Russia used scorched earth policy
Napoleon enters city; Russian troops burn it while fleeing Battle of Borodino - outside of Moscow |
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Revolutions of 1848 (success, failure, effects)
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France - successful (election by universal male suffrage); unemployment rose as a result of workshops
German States- Frankfurt Assembly, failed Austrian Empire - wanted legislature, failed Italian States - revolt vs. Austrians, failed |
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Franco-Prussian War
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Bismarck provoked the French into declaring war so that the German States would work together to protect themselves. Prussia won, it was the most important of the three wars
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Realpolitik
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realistic politics - German states - Otto von Bismarck
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Blood and Iron
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war + industry - how Bismarck won the three wars
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When France sneezes, Europe catches cold
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French revolution caused a series of other revolutions around Europe - e.g. revolutions of 1848 (Austria, German States, France, Italian States)
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Leonardo DaVinci
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Renaissance man - architecture, art, math, astronomy, realistic painting, dissected human bodies, etc.
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Invented the printing press, which spread ideas (Protestant Reformation & Renaissance)
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Machiavelli
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wrote 'The Prince'
thought that rulers should be feared rather than loved |
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Martin Luther (main beliefs, actions)
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Translated the bible
posted 95 theses on the Church of Wittenburg (1517) and was excommunicated complained about indulgences and sacrements His beliefs: faith alone, 2 sacraments, all men equal before God |
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John Calvin
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Invented Calvinism (predestination)
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Pope Leo X
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excommunicated Martin Luther
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Hernan Cortes
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Conquistador of Mexico - Aztecs (they also died of diseases)
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Francisco Pizarro
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Conquistador of Peru - Incas
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King Henry VIII
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Broke w/ the Church
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The Stuart Monarchs (who, why they had conflict w/ Parliament)
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JCCCJ - the rulers after the death of Elizabeth, believed in divine right, tried to establish Catholicism
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Oliver Cromwell (English Civil War)
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overthrows King Charles I (executed him)
military dictatorship |
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Louis XIV (description of his reign, why is he best example of absolutism?)
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Where: France
When: 1643-1715 Acc. 1: Palace of Versailles Acc. 2: used intendents (middle class) Failure: deficit spending Was most important because he controlled everything and knew exactly how to control his people and middle class and nobles so that he had a strong monarchy and absolute power. |
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Elizabeth Tudor
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Where: England
When: 1558-1603 Acc 1: defeating the Spanish Armada Acc 2: religious tolerance Failure: no heir |
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Peter the Great (why did he travel to the West, how did he change Russia)
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Where: Russia
When: 1682-1725 Acc 1: built up military Acc 2: westernized/modernized Russia (St. Petersburg) Failure: oppressed the serfs |
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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strongest ruler from the Ottoman Empire - codified laws, strong military
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Akbar the Great
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1605 - brought Mogul rule to most of India
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Isaac Newton
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universal law of gravitation
laws of motion calculus |
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William Harvey
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circulation of blood starts in the heart, not the liver
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Francis Bacon
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scientific method
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Galileo (what did he do, challenges he faced)
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good telescope
heliocentric theory declared a heretic |
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Copernicus
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heliocentric theory
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Rousseau
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wrote the social contract
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Montesquieu (ideas, impact)
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separation of powers
constitution |
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Locke (ideas, impact)
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natural rights - life, liberty, property
constitutionalism, French + American Revolutions |
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Voltaire (ideas, impact)
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separation of Church + state
1st amendments (freedom of speech) |
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Hobbes
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absolutism/social contract
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Louis XVI
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bad-deficit spending
French Revolution |
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Marie Antoinette
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ruler during French Revolution - married to Louis XVI
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Robespierre
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Reign of Terror - guillotine
1793-1794 Goal: "create a republic of virtue" |
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Napoleon (everything)
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From Corsica
Coup d'etat, overthrew Directory (1799) 1.First Consul, 2. Consul for Life Legacy = Napoleonic Code, birth of nationalism, idea of revolution Concordat of 1801 - repair relationship w/ Catholic Church |
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Metternich
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Austrian foreign minister (head of C.O.V.)
"When France sneezes, Europe catches cold" |
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Haiti - led Haitian rebellion against France in 1801
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Simon Bolivar
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S. America - helped liberate areas of L. America and overthrew the Spanish
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Miguel Hidalgo
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Started Mexican revolution
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Camillo Cavouor
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united the North of Italy
Wanted a King (conservative) |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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united the South of Italy
turned over his territory to Cavour |
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Otto von Bismarck
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untied the German States
realpolitik |