Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the renaissance?
|
• Not until 1860’s that historians definitively label Renaissance
• Renaissance = movement into enlightenment |
|
Pre-Renaissance Europe
|
• Pre- Renaissance Europe
o Society exhausted Devastated by wars • War of Roses • 100 years war Plague Religious questioning o Irresponsibility from leadership Only know how to fight wars |
|
By end of 15th Century
|
o Important changes:
New career Significant economic expansion Europe increasingly connecting with middle east and far east Powerful monarchs – Challenging Feudal lords Schism healed – pope back in Rome Introduction of humanism o Geographically – Italian communities – these happen first Economically, ascetically, intellectually • NOT politically |
|
Why Italy??
|
o Italy did NOT have a series of wars
So, no physical destruction o Fairly safe from invasions Alps o Islamic empire trade in Mediterranean weakening Italy in a good position o The cultural movements in Europe – stagnant Ex. Gothic architecture – no room for innovation • This attitude of innovation not in Italian culture • They can adapt Only urban developments in the middle ages • Flanders (MD Belgium) – trade and wool • Italian city-states – trade and wool In these regions, they don’t maintain ties with past – moving on North Italy important for trade |
|
Italian Peninsula
|
o City States – (Like a modern Polis)
Urban center Surrounding lands – provide resources o Cities of North Italy dominate trade of Western world Florence – 1/3 of population in wool and trade Venice – trade in Silks and spices (from east) In Urban: • Bankers and manufacturers – increasingly important • Export merchant – increasingly important o Increasingly dominate areas around them o Break power of landed nobility |
|
End up with...what? (Classes)
|
A territorial unit with urban core and surrounding lands
Class division becoming sharper and different • Upper class – wealthy merchants o Popolo Grasso – “fat people” o Popolo Minuto – “small/little people” Shop keepers, craftsmen, small businesses o Masses of people o Most conflict between the Grasso’s and Minuto’s o A new group emerging – economically powerful Old economic power: (the Popolo Minuto) o Sometimes conflict was so great, the communities would hire military dictators Strengthen defenses Improve utilities Often put in police protection Effective tax systems o Leaders didn’t want to take time away to maintain law and order, so they hire others. |
|
this is the age of...
|
The age of Despots (dictators)
|
|
Also - communities are rivaling each other
|
• Florence – becoming rich
• Sienna – becoming rich • Venice o All three – develop a system of representatives to send to other places/courts to spy/represent =ambassadors |
|
Top 5 city-states
|
• Venice
• Florence • Milan • Naples • The Papal states o They maintain a balance of power o No king – pieces more important than the whole o Local is important |
|
Society at this time...rules not Feudalistic
|
Birth/status less important
Continental market place very important Competition is important New careers opening – to people with new ideas Ingenuity = valued Also – self reliance |
|
What results?
|
The Italian concept of a virtu
VIRTU – someone true to self – fills potential (not necessarily moral) • Da Vinci o Scientist o Artist – Mona Lisa, Last Supper o Medical – Anatomy • Renaissance man/woman |
|
Characteristics of Italian communities
|
o 1. Individualism
Historically, you are just an extension of y our group Groups = important Renaissance – as an individual • Focus on self, family • Your connection with everything o God, nature, business o 2. Secularism People less concerned about abstract religious concepts • Focus on what’s happening NOT becoming less religious, just making distinctions Increasingly important because of writings • Values of this world vs. otherworldliness • Where to put your energy? o 3. Humanism Enthusiasm for the classic, ancient world Study works of ancient Greeks • Francesco Petrarca o 1304 – 1374 o He begins a study of people like Cicero – Ancient Rome o People can relate to this • Studies, translates, teaches scriptures (can make a living doing this!) • Outside of church • In 1395 – many scholars fled from Constantinople o No academic freedom in Constantinople because of Turks o Go to Italian communities, know Greek stuff… o Most go into Florence – Greek, Hebrew, Arabic taught in Italian world o These scholars – supported by ruling class o They are a revolution in education Push education in a direction of (what we call a) liberal arts education o Before – math theology, roman law o Now could study Greek, Arabic – languages Physical education Manners o By studying language, you convey the culture o Greek, Hebrew, Arabic o 4. development of historical self conscious Pre-Renaissance • Belief = if you looked at human history, we developed – peak is Christianity • So, you and your role in history is insignificant o Peak passed Renaissance – can have other peaks End up expressing this idea in artwork • Florence, Sienna, Pisa Literature develops • Validation of earlier work • What is truth? Translation skews information… • Validate/don’t validate Science • Padua University o Famous for study in mathematics • Increasing knowledge of human anatomy • Science of perspective o Middle age art – flat o Renaissance – 3-D |
|
Development of social and poilitcal thought...writers
|
o Human-human ….????
o Leon Battista Alberti 1404 – 1472 Wrote a book – “On the Family” • A Florentine Boujwa (middle/upper class) family o Relationship to the communitiy o Baldassare Castiglone 1478 – 1529 • “the Courtier” – about a Renaissance gentleman; what was expected o Nicolo Machiavelli 1469 – 1527 “Discourses on Levy” • Levy = an important Ancient Roman author “the Prince” • Describes power, political breakdown • “Absolute power corrupts absolutely” People who are politically oriented, uses power, misuses power Machiavelli didn’t say you have to be mean to be powerful…he did a study |
|
Artists in the Renaissance
|
o The artist is to renaissance
o As the saint is to the middle ages o As the scientist is to the modern world o Painting and sculpting separate from architecture o Masaccio 1401 – 1428 Founder of Renaissance painting • Human figure as a whole in 3-D perspective • Minute details sacrificed for realism o Donatello 1386 – 1466 First in Renaissance to do a free standing nude figure o Michelangelo 1475 – 1564 Sculpture Also – painting (Sistine chapel) Designed dome on St. Peters o Bramante Original architect of St. Peters Raphael • St. Peters o [The pope behind St. Peters – Julius II] o Leonardo Da Vinci 1452 – 1519 Man in a recognizable space God is viewed through man’s eyes • <Renaissance thought> o Durer – German painter |
|
Church during the Renaissance
|
o Not a golden age for church
o Major problems: Prestige of church decreasing Concern about growth of heresies Significant financial/administrator/and moral abuses in the church Schism • 2 popes in 2 places • Need to heal: 1st step: o End of 14th century – series of church councils held together o Is the pope the embodiment of the church? <problem o Where is authority? o If not in the traditional 1 pope… o Shift: Authority in council o Pope = limited monarch o Historically: o Pope gets power from God...=his authority o Changing to: o lower classes give the upper class power |
|
what is the renaissance?
|
• Not until 1860’s that historians definitively label Renaissance
• Renaissance = movement into enlightenment |
|
Pre-Renaissance Europe
|
• Pre- Renaissance Europe
o Society exhausted Devastated by wars • War of Roses • 100 years war Plague Religious questioning o Irresponsibility from leadership Only know how to fight wars |
|
By end of 15th Century
|
o Important changes:
New career Significant economic expansion Europe increasingly connecting with middle east and far east Powerful monarchs – Challenging Feudal lords Schism healed – pope back in Rome Introduction of humanism o Geographically – Italian communities – these happen first Economically, ascetically, intellectually • NOT politically |
|
Why Italy??
|
o Italy did NOT have a series of wars
So, no physical destruction o Fairly safe from invasions Alps o Islamic empire trade in Mediterranean weakening Italy in a good position o The cultural movements in Europe – stagnant Ex. Gothic architecture – no room for innovation • This attitude of innovation not in Italian culture • They can adapt Only urban developments in the middle ages • Flanders (MD Belgium) – trade and wool • Italian city-states – trade and wool In these regions, they don’t maintain ties with past – moving on North Italy important for trade |
|
Italian Peninsula
|
o City States – (Like a modern Polis)
Urban center Surrounding lands – provide resources o Cities of North Italy dominate trade of Western world Florence – 1/3 of population in wool and trade Venice – trade in Silks and spices (from east) In Urban: • Bankers and manufacturers – increasingly important • Export merchant – increasingly important o Increasingly dominate areas around them o Break power of landed nobility |
|
End up with...what? (Classes)
|
A territorial unit with urban core and surrounding lands
Class division becoming sharper and different • Upper class – wealthy merchants o Popolo Grasso – “fat people” o Popolo Minuto – “small/little people” Shop keepers, craftsmen, small businesses o Masses of people o Most conflict between the Grasso’s and Minuto’s o A new group emerging – economically powerful Old economic power: (the Popolo Minuto) o Sometimes conflict was so great, the communities would hire military dictators Strengthen defenses Improve utilities Often put in police protection Effective tax systems o Leaders didn’t want to take time away to maintain law and order, so they hire others. |
|
this is the age of...
|
The age of Despots (dictators)
|
|
Also - communities are rivaling each other
|
• Florence – becoming rich
• Sienna – becoming rich • Venice o All three – develop a system of representatives to send to other places/courts to spy/represent =ambassadors |
|
Top 5 city-states
|
• Venice
• Florence • Milan • Naples • The Papal states o They maintain a balance of power o No king – pieces more important than the whole o Local is important |
|
Society at this time...rules not Feudalistic
|
Birth/status less important
Continental market place very important Competition is important New careers opening – to people with new ideas Ingenuity = valued Also – self reliance |
|
What results?
|
The Italian concept of a virtu
VIRTU – someone true to self – fills potential (not necessarily moral) • Da Vinci o Scientist o Artist – Mona Lisa, Last Supper o Medical – Anatomy • Renaissance man/woman |
|
Characteristics of Italian communities
|
o 1. Individualism
Historically, you are just an extension of y our group Groups = important Renaissance – as an individual • Focus on self, family • Your connection with everything o God, nature, business o 2. Secularism People less concerned about abstract religious concepts • Focus on what’s happening NOT becoming less religious, just making distinctions Increasingly important because of writings • Values of this world vs. otherworldliness • Where to put your energy? o 3. Humanism Enthusiasm for the classic, ancient world Study works of ancient Greeks • Francesco Petrarca o 1304 – 1374 o He begins a study of people like Cicero – Ancient Rome o People can relate to this • Studies, translates, teaches scriptures (can make a living doing this!) • Outside of church • In 1395 – many scholars fled from Constantinople o No academic freedom in Constantinople because of Turks o Go to Italian communities, know Greek stuff… o Most go into Florence – Greek, Hebrew, Arabic taught in Italian world o These scholars – supported by ruling class o They are a revolution in education Push education in a direction of (what we call a) liberal arts education o Before – math theology, roman law o Now could study Greek, Arabic – languages Physical education Manners o By studying language, you convey the culture o Greek, Hebrew, Arabic o 4. development of historical self conscious Pre-Renaissance • Belief = if you looked at human history, we developed – peak is Christianity • So, you and your role in history is insignificant o Peak passed Renaissance – can have other peaks End up expressing this idea in artwork • Florence, Sienna, Pisa Literature develops • Validation of earlier work • What is truth? Translation skews information… • Validate/don’t validate Science • Padua University o Famous for study in mathematics • Increasing knowledge of human anatomy • Science of perspective o Middle age art – flat o Renaissance – 3-D |
|
Development of social and poilitcal thought...writers
|
o Human-human ….????
o Leon Battista Alberti 1404 – 1472 Wrote a book – “On the Family” • A Florentine Boujwa (middle/upper class) family o Relationship to the communitiy o Baldassare Castiglone 1478 – 1529 • “the Courtier” – about a Renaissance gentleman; what was expected o Nicolo Machiavelli 1469 – 1527 “Discourses on Levy” • Levy = an important Ancient Roman author “the Prince” • Describes power, political breakdown • “Absolute power corrupts absolutely” People who are politically oriented, uses power, misuses power Machiavelli didn’t say you have to be mean to be powerful…he did a study |
|
Artists in the Renaissance
|
o The artist is to renaissance
o As the saint is to the middle ages o As the scientist is to the modern world o Painting and sculpting separate from architecture o Masaccio 1401 – 1428 Founder of Renaissance painting • Human figure as a whole in 3-D perspective • Minute details sacrificed for realism o Donatello 1386 – 1466 First in Renaissance to do a free standing nude figure o Michelangelo 1475 – 1564 Sculpture Also – painting (Sistine chapel) Designed dome on St. Peters o Bramante Original architect of St. Peters Raphael • St. Peters o [The pope behind St. Peters – Julius II] o Leonardo Da Vinci 1452 – 1519 Man in a recognizable space God is viewed through man’s eyes • <Renaissance thought> o Durer – German painter |
|
Church during the Renaissance
|
o Not a golden age for church
o Major problems: Prestige of church decreasing Concern about growth of heresies Significant financial/administrator/and moral abuses in the church Schism • 2 popes in 2 places |
|
NEED TO HEAL - first step
|
• Need to heal: 1st step:
o End of 14th century – series of church councils held together o Is the pope the embodiment of the church? <problem o Where is authority? o If not in the traditional 1 pope… o Shift: Authority in council o Pope = limited monarch o Historically: o Pope gets power from God...=his authority o Changing to: o lower classes give the upper class power |
|
need to heal - 2nd step
|
o Government tells the 2 popes to meet and solve problem
o 1395 – the French clergy withdraw support from the French Pope for 5 years to force him to meet |
|
Need to heal - 3rd step
|
o 1408 – Many Cardinals withdraw support from the 2 popes, hold a meeting in Pisa, Select a new pope
o Next 5 years – the other 2 popes refuse to resign – now, 3 popes |
|
Need to heal - 4th step
|
o 1414 - Holy Roman Emperor calls a church meeting – pressure
Council of Constance • 1414 – 1418 Discuss church issues: • Do: The Pisa Pope (John 23rd) – pressure him, force him to resign • Also, force Roman pope to resign Who’s left? French Pope – want him to resign…he refuses They kick him out he flees to Spain 1417 – elect a new pope – Martin V Lives in Rome Office of Pope decreasing in power Want to restore papal power |
|
John Hus
|
• Bohemia = John Hus emerges – questions actions/beliefs of church
o 1369 – 1415 o Wants to know where to find truth…THE BIBLE o He brought this to the council of Constance – he’s burned at the stake (Martin Luther, later, not burned) |
|
What happens as a result??
|
• Civil war erupts – Germanic
o Popes have to work with government leaders o Will the government support the church for no reason? o Popes give some power to kings (Nicholas V) (Monarchies developing) |
|
Moral abuses of church
|
o Pope Julius II
Built st. Peters with Michelangelo Good pope… also, warrior pope o Some bad popes You could be in church if you give lots of money Church acquits wealth Good deeds = important, save you o Popes get involved in Italian politics |
|
What leads up to the italian wars?
|
As Renaissance spreads – Italians lose power
1494 – Charles VIII France • Invaded and occupied Naples • Spain gets involved in politics of Milan (Italy) • France wants Milan • Spain and France go to war ::: Italian Wars • 1494 – 1516 • Italians don’t join together – easy to be dominated |
|
Now what is happening??
|
o Monarchy power increasing
o Revolt against authority o MD Capitalism emerging |
|
Significant economic expansion
|
Technological developments
• Longbow • Gun powder • Pike – weapon (Pope hired Swiss guards, guards at Vatican still have pikes) Paper • Historically, we use leather • Also, cloth • Recipe for making paper cam from middle east o Can make paper in large quantities Moveable print – 1450 • Printing press • Not whole page press…now, individual letters (26) • Can rearrange • Improves silk weaving, canon founding, mining o Expensive…need: o 1. available labor o 2. capital – extra money – people will invest it Ex. Queen Isabella of Spain • Columbus |
|
Economic relationships increasingly important
|
Before – Vassal, religion relationships
Now, business relationships Trade increasing significantly By 1550 • silk, spices – Asia • gold, silver – America o considered usual • 1476 – 1576 o Antwerp – City o The wall street of North Europe o In Flanders, (MD Belgium) |
|
Political Centralization - FRANCE
|
o Beginning of 15th century
France ruled by insane king - Charles VI England ruled by Henry IV HRE – ruled by drunk – Wenceslaus People want law and order • First gets into the Italian Peninsula o France Charles VI – crazy Then, Charles VII – adept at taking advantage of Joan of Arc fervor Kicks out British Gains control of French clergy 1440’s – he needs money – “I need a tax” • The Taille Also – he puts in place a standing army – always there This is continued by: Louis XI (11th) • “the Spider” • 1461 – 1483 • Also, he suppresses the major vassal o Duke of Burgundy (Charles the BOLD) o He controls Burgundy and Flanders and Netherlands o Charles was Dominated by Louis XI Some of his land goes to HRE Some to France Next ruler – Charles VIII • 1483 – 1498 • The Italian Wars • Married the person who inherited Brittany – last area with Feudalisms • France is COMPLETE • 1494 – Charles VIII invades Italian communities • France is the greatest power in Europe |
|
Political Centralization -
SPAIN |
Early 1400’s – Spain is divided into petty Christian kingdoms
Then, came together: • Portugal, Castile, Aragon = Christian • In South – Kingdom of Granada (Islamic) 1469 – Queen of Castile (Isabella) marries King of Aragon (Ferdinand) • Live separately, but did foreign policy together • Foreign affairs o 1. conquering Islamic power in Granada 1492 – Several significant events • 1. she expelled the moors (Islamic people) • 2. expelled the Jews • 3. expansion of trade – Columbus • In doing #’s 1 and 2…they kick out some of the most productive members of society o When wealth from new world stops, Spain will collapse • Joanna inherits o “Joanna the Crazy” |
|
Political Centralization - ENGLAND
|
Had Henry VII
• 1485 – 1509 • One of the ablest rulers • Keep England out of foreign war • Restored royal revenue • Any other possible claim to throne…Elizabeth of York (he married her) • Their son = Henry VIII Henry VIII • 1509 – 1547 • Several wives • Wasted treasury surplus … went to war a lot • Financial crisis – needed money from the church…so he took over the church! Church now NOT in control of the Pope • Still, England managed to be a power with France and Spain |
|
Growth of power
|
o Relationship of monarchs to other power people (nobility)
o Monarch power increases…nobility (feudal lord) power decreases Feudal lords contained through law |
|
Courts in France, Spain, and England
|
o FRANCE
Court = conseil prive o SPAIN Court = Audiencia real o ENGLAND Court = Star chamber o ((for these countries…through law, kings can curb nobility)) |
|
o Representative bodies emerge – like parliament – stand in way of king’s power:
|
******
o ENGLAND – Parliament o SPAIN – Cortes o FRANCE – Estates General |
|
What happens to the representative bodies?
|
o In Spain and France, kings gain control of representative bodies
Doesn’t call the representative body together for 100 years…so it doesn’t really have any function o England Don’t get rid of parliament, because England is so small Also – Henry VIII fighting church…he needs parliament on his side, so it increases parliament’s power. |
|
Middle Ages ... Church is significant (rulers?)
|
o Louis 11th – “most Christian king”
o Isabella and Ferdinand – “Catholic Kings” o Henry VIII – defender of the faith |
|
How to solve this? (the countries)
|
ENGLAND – develops concept of National church when Henry takes over
• Church of England FRANCE – Schism, Babylonian captivity…the kings of France show their control SPAIN – So wealthy • Can buy anything in the church • Monarchs use Catholicism as technique for expanding her power – wealth from conversion of people going to kings ^^none of these countries are dealing with theology^^ Norway, Sweden, Russia…same |
|
Central Europe - HRE (Holy Roman Empire)
|
o Do not have hereditary rule
o No imperial taxes o No imperial army |
|
SE Europe
|
o Turks moving in – Muslim, powerful
o 1529 – on doorstep of Vienna (Danube river) o Turks successful – because Christian world is split up, fighting…the Christians are not able to stop the Turks o 1453 – Turks accepted Sultans as rulers – Orthodox o Russians unhappy – they are also Orthodox Split between South (Greek Orthodox) and North (Russian Orthodox) |
|
In Germany...
|
another group of Christians
o Arguing with other Christian groups o Leading to Reformation This is…the Protestant (N MD Germany) and Catholic (S MD Germany) • (Islam – not broken up theologically) |
|
Reformation...sore point?
|
o Catholic church – lots of problems within Church
o Dissatisfaction reaching common people Sore point – indulgences • Definition: A remission of temporal penalty for sin imposed by a priest in the sacrament of a penance, it can be granted on true contrition of sin and in consideration of some pious deed that you have performed. • In Catholic church, in dealing with sin…sin can be erased |
|
o At same time, Europe increasingly secular
|
Non-religious activity taking up more time
Religious people sensitive to religious questions Also…People question the complexity of the church’s sacraments – practices/rituals not seen as appropriate anymore by people Generated a desire for reform • 1) Church is divinely created – cant change o CAN change the individuals…like the Pope • 2) Church is a government o Pope and church officers abuse power Should have powers restricted • 3) John Hus and Wiclef o The way to fix the church is to return to the bible as the basic standard for Christian living |
|
What new group emerges?
|
o Humanist – studies ancient greek and roman knowledge (Middle ages!)
o What now emerges…Christian Humanists Groups that look at the classical traditions, including Christianity…….Reform will come if you understand early Christianity AND Greek and Roman stuff • Cardinal Jiminez • Sir Thomas More • Erasmus of Rotterdam (German town important for its universities and religious activity) • Martin Luther |
|
Central Europe (Power?)
|
HRE
o Do not have hereditary rule o No imperial taxes o No imperial army |
|
SE Europe
|
o Turks moving in – Muslim, powerful
o 1529 – on doorstep of Vienna (Danube river) o Turks successful – because Christian world is split up, fighting…the Christians are not able to stop the Turks o 1453 – Turks accepted Sultans as rulers – Orthodox o Russians unhappy – they are also Orthodox Split between South (Greek Orthodox) and North (Russian Orthodox) |
|
In Germany, another group of Christians
|
o Arguing with other Christian groups
o Leading to Reformation This is…the Protestant (N MD Germany) and Catholic (S MD Germany) • (Islam – not broken up theologically) |
|
The REFORMATION (The Catholic church...Europe....)
|
o Catholic church – lots of problems within Church
o Dissatisfaction reaching common people Sore point – indulgences • Definition: A remission of temporal penalty for sin imposed by a priest in the sacrament of a penance, it can be granted on true contrition of sin and in consideration of some pious deed that you have performed. • In Catholic church, in dealing with sin…sin can be erased o At same time, Europe increasingly secular Non-religious activity taking up more time Religious people sensitive to religious questions Also…People question the complexity of the church’s sacraments – practices/rituals not seen as appropriate anymore by people Generated a desire for reform |
|
Cont...Created a desire for reform...3 reasons
|
• 1) Church is divinely created – cant change
o CAN change the individuals…like the Pope • 2) Church is a government o Pope and church officers abuse power Should have powers restricted • 3) John Hus and Wiclef o The way to fix the church is to return to the bible as the basic standard for Christian living |
|
Renaissance - humanist
|
o Humanist – studies ancient greek and roman knowledge
o What now emerges…Christian Humanists Groups that look at the classical traditions, including Christianity…….Reform will come if you understand early Christianity AND Greek and Roman stuff • Cardinal Jiminez • Sir Thomas More • Erasmus of Rotterdam (German town important for its universities and religious activity) • Martin Luther |
|
Martin Luther (Interests, childhood, young man...)
|
• Christian Humanist
• 1483-1546 • Interested in religion • Luther and his father clash • His father expected him to take over business o Emotionally/physically abusive • Luther went into the church – young age o Struggle with identity • As he matures, how does he feel value? Church, god • Has an emotional struggle to make himself feel valued o Studies, becomes priest…goes through self-torture, DOESN’T work Became a professor of theology – university of Wittenburg – N. Germany A lot of religious studying • As a professor and with internal issues As he struggles – his relationship with god is through the church…and makes him question the church (because their methods didn’t work for him) Major issue for him = indulgences Catholic church – faith and good deeds = important Luther had faith and good deeds Something wrong with an indulgence and if it doesn’t work…do good deeds work? He says, only belief will get you saved • (he also adds: good deeds are an extension of your beliefs) October 31, 1517 – he posts the 95 theses on the church door • 95 points he is willing to debate about the church’s role and good deeds Initially, he’s struggling with good works Then, he questions power of church and pope |
|
Luther's principles
|
o Salvation by faith
o Ultimate authority of bible o Priesthood of all believers |
|
How can Luther say this and get away with it?
|
o Technology – printing many bibles
o Before…only the priests could read the bible, so they HAD to interpret them o At this time, he is living where people are saying – why should we be controlled by a Pope or HRE?? Nationalists < question authority o He had the support of the local political leader This leader was needed and supported by other political leaders So…Luther has important friends |
|
Then what does Luther do?
|
• 1520 – Luther established a separate church – Lutheran church
o Believes – one truth=one church o Says – catholic church has strayed o 2 sacraments – special moment of connection with god Baptism Communion o (catholic church had 7) Extreme unction – last rites Confirmation Communion Baptism Marriage Confession Becoming a priest o The congregation gets to participate more o Service in the vernacular (German) |
|
Luther's ideas spread
|
early on, other Christian Humanists somewhat agreeing, but didn’t want to go to extreme of turning away from church
• His ideas appeal from lower class – they don’t have to do a good deed (they have no money) • But – mid-1520’s – major peasant rebellion o Very violent – against authority and church o Luther was disgusted by the violence, says he doesn’t support it o The peasants go back to Catholic |
|
Why didn't people kill Luther?
|
o Turks in Vienna…the HRE (Carlos V) doesn’t have time to upset the nobility
o By mid-century – there are too many Lutherans to easily wipe out o End up with – Lutheran – N. Germany and spread into Scandinavian countries o South Germany = Catholic |
|
Other Reform Churches
|
Ulrich Zwingili – Switzerland
• 1484-1531 • In tune with Luther, except for communion |
|
Differences: Catholic, Luther, Zwingili
|
o CATHOLIC
Bread and wine become blood and body – transubstantiation o LUTHER Christ is present in bread and wine…but it doesn’t turn into Christ (just essence) o ZWINGILI It’s just a memorial, to remember |
|
Other reform churches
|
Martin Bucer
• 1491 – 1551 • Drawn to Luther, but works to reconcile all differences John Calvin |
|
John Calvin
|
• 1509 – 1564
• Switzerland • Very similar to Luther, absolute sovereignty of god (god does all work) and man is sinful – man is basically evil • Calvin expresses pre-determination o So – why do good works? o He says – you need to show the world your faith = good works o He will put in place a systematic theology, creates an organizational structure for people to follow (Luther = random development) • Calvinism o The basis for Presbyterianism as it spreads into England, France, Scotland, Netherlands, and North America (Puritans) |
|
More reform churches
|
Ana Baptist
• Baptism – eliminate original sin • OK for babies – but should be baptized again as an adult – conscious choice |
|
More reform churches
|
Quakers
• Communion with god through inner choice – direct connection with God • “friends” – original name |
|
More reform churches
|
Unitarians
• Question of trinity > “no trinity” … just… 1 |
|
More reform churches
|
Anglican
• NOT a reformer religion • Not created by people questioning religion • Created by a king for political reasons – Henry VIII |
|
Henry VIII
|
• Henry VIII inherited a lot of good stuff, war games, depleted his treasury
• Then, stuck in a marriage he doesn’t like • Likes church for his prestige…but doesn’t want church to dominate – not, church has more money • In the meantime, Reformation ideas entering England • Henry believes Catholic….AGAINST Reformation • His wife is Catherine, the Spanish Princess • Also – has mid-life crisis • affairs: |
|
Henry VIII's affairs
|
o he has a lot of affairs, but is done with the woman after she sleeps with him
o except…one woman…he says “I love you” but she won’t sleep with him…so…he can’t get bored o he wants a divorce from his wife to marry this new girl, but needs an excuse to give to the church o (side note: his wife was originally married to his older brother, but he marriage was never consummated, so she could marry him) o “I am being punished by God for marrying my brother’s wife” o Catherine is the aunt of Carlos V, who controls the pope o So, when Henry wants a divorce, Catherine writes to Carlos V o So – Henry has no divorce o Money problems getting worse o Lets deny the authority of the pope Say: he has no jurisdiction in England So, church money goes to King Henry creates the Church of England – Anglican No change in theology Only change the head of church So – Anglican > catholic (lowercase) Not Roman Catholic |
|
affairs cont.
|
o People thought this was reformation:
This frustrated protestants Roman Catholics English government will be rich – this is good o Henry gets divorced (Catherine never recognizes the divorce) He marries the girl He is the supreme head of the church of England He COULD act like the pope…but he never does anything (baptism, sacrament, etc.) • Still like this today Sells the church stuff to nobility (the nobility in turn wants him to stay in power Henry VII marries Anne • They have a daughter • Henry gets bored with Anne • It would be tacky to divorce (English law is important) • Needs an excuse • They accuse her of treason – chop off her head o no proof • He marries wife #3 o Jane • They have a BOY! • Jane dies in childbirth • He says > “I will never marry again” • Advisors want to arrange a political marriage o Henry and a German woman o He says: she has to be pretty o But…he thinks she’s ugly • She stays, but they don’t marry – acts like a sister….they actually have a good relationship • A young girl (forced by family) • They get married – she’s a party girl, probably had affairs o He chops her head off • He’s maturing o A woman – they grew up together – they get married… she outlives him |
|
next king?
|
Next king – Son
Anglican – Edward VI • 1547 • Fairly young when king • Cranmer – protestant stuff – filtering into catholic church of England Anglican – church of England Edward is a bishop, leaning protestant Edward dies young – no male heir Mary rules – Very catholic (her mom is in a nunnery) |
|
Mary (Bloody Mary)
|
• 1553 – 1558 rule
• Works hard to turn clock back – 1529=pre-church of England, traditional • Ended up marrying Phillip II (Carlos V’s son) • Very very very very powerful • Very very very very very very very Catholic • Almost acts like head of church • About 300 English protestants killed for heresy • Has a younger stepsister (Elizabeth) – church of England • Times that mary wanted to kill her sister • Then, Mary dies, no heir…Elizabeth becomes queen from 1558 – 1603 |
|
Elizabeth
|
Political – intrigued by politics/good at politics
Very aware that there were advantages from being a separate church Didn’t want to be in politics of religious wars….stays out England goes back to church of England – but…not pushy Left Catholics and protestants alone IF they behaved Title: Supreme governor of the church Pope and Phillip force her to be Catholic In 1570 – she refuses and is excommunicated (she’s an enemy) Church of Enlgand..and its slight protestant influence go with English patriotism |
|
What is happening with the Roman Catholics?
|
We need a reform
Church has significant reformation Catholic perspective= reformation is anti-pope So – intense focus on office of pope Clean up: • Who gets to be pope? Not the richest person, not pervert • Lots of reform in Spain – lots of interest in fixing the church A new order is founded – in Spain |
|
Who founds the new order of Roman Catholics in Spain?
|
• 1491 – 1556
• Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola • The Society of Jesus – Jesuits • St. Ignatius – sick, almost died…had a vision • Creates Christian Knights who serve the Virgin Mary • (preserving Roman Catholicism) • Jesuits – missionaries, explorers • Spread Catholicism – forcefully • Contribute to slave trade – OK to enslave non-Christians • So – Catholics growing worldwide |
|
In Catholic church - Council of Trent
|
– look at issues and do reform
o 1545-1563 o 5 major pieces that come out 1. salvation is achieved by faith and good works 2. religious authority = the bible and traditions as interpreted by the church 3. Re-establish supremacy of the pope – at top 4. dealt with financial and administrative abuses 5. address censorship – the reformation is a product of uncensored work • The church will issue a list of banned books |
|
JAPAN
|
Japan considered backwards/primitive
522 – Buddhist influence Has emperor – but real power is in hands of land owners 1200-1600 > a series of devastating civil wars • 1275 – when Mongols invade, the leadership of Japan is very weak • Feudal type of government – just trying to get more land • Person who wins – title = Shogun o The top member of military family that wins o (never gets rid of emperor…emperor is ceremonial/religious) • After civil wars – 300 years of peace • Feudal society – dominant leader is Shogun • During this time period that Portuguese explore/missionaries appear in Japan • 1639 – refuse foreigners access o Can’t keep totally out – japan says; only the Dutch can come in and only into the Port of Nagasaki (the Dutch can’t spread religion…and everything is contained in the Port) o This changes in 1853 – Perry, an American |
|
1492
|
Columbus
Expulsion of Jews and the Moors |
|
1417
|
Schism is healed
|
|
1589
|
Rus=Orthodox church created
|
|
1494-1516
|
Italian Wars
|
|
October 31, 1517
|
Martin Luther (95 Theses)
|