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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Methionine
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5' - CAA - 3'
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The conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine requires what cofactor?
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Methyl-cobalamin (B12)
MTHF (Folic acid) |
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B12 Deficiency
- besides cobalamin, what other cofactor can not be regenerated? - thus what metabolism is impaired? |
- THF
- Folate |
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In B12 & Folate deficiency, a defect in _______ results in megaloblastic erythropoeisis.
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- DNA synthesis
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Elevated Homocysteine is a risk factor for what 2 clinical conditions?
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- Arterial Thrombosis
- Venous Thrombosis |
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Homocysteine is elevated in what vitamin deficiency?
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B12
Folic acid |
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Methylmalonyl-CoA is elevated in what vitamin deficiency?
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B12 only
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Type III Hypercholesterolemia
- aka? - Symptoms |
- Familial DysBetaLipoproteinemia
- Xanthomas - Premature CVD - Premature PVD |
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Type III Hypercholesterolemia
- primary defect of what? - these are found where? |
- ApoE3
- ApoE4 - Chylomicrons - VLDL |
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Type III Hypercholesterolemia
- primary defect of what? - primary defect results in the Liver's inability to do what? |
- ApoE3 & ApoE4
- remove Extra remnants of chylomicrons and VLDL from circulation |
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Type III Hypercholesterolemia
- accumulation of what lipoproteins? - resulting accumulation of what else? |
- Chylomicrons
- VLDL - Cholesterol - TG |
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CHYLOMICRONS
- synthesized on the RER & Golgi of what cells? |
- Intestinal enterocytes
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CHYLOMICRONS
- are released from enterocytes with what apolipoprotein? - subsequently receive what apolipoproteins? - receive from where? |
ApoB-48 (only)
ApoC-II ApoE HDL |
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ApoB-100
- found by ITSELF in what lipoprotein? - required for what? (by what tissues?) |
- LDL
- Receptor-mediated uptake of LDL (by extrahepatic tissues) |
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Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
- is activated by what apolipoprotein? - this apolipoprotein is carried by what lipoproteins? |
ApoC-II
Chylomicrons VLDL |
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ApoC-II Deficiency
- seen in what Dz? |
- Hyperchylomicronemia (Type I)
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Esterification of Free Cholesterol
- occurs in what lipoproteins? - by what enzyme? - requires what apolipoprotein? |
- HDL
- LCAT - ApoA-1 |
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ApoA-1 & LCAT deficiencies
- increases what levels? - decreases what levels? |
- Free Cholesterol
- HDL |
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Increased plasma free cholesterol with decreased HDL implies a deficiency of what?
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- ApoA-1
- LCAT |
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- ApoA-1 |
- LCAT activation
(for free cholesterol esterification in HDL) |
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- ApoB-48 (involving what cells?) |
(B48 drops chylomicron Bombs)
- Chylomicron secretion (from intestinal enterocytes) |
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- ApoB-100 (by what cells?) |
- LDL uptake
(by extrahepatic cells) |
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- ApoC-II |
LPL activation
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- ApoE3 & ApoE4 |
- Chylomicron & VLDL remnant uptake
(by Liver cells) |
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APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS ***
- activates LCAT? - activates LPL? |
- ApoA-1
- ApoC-2 |
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Apolipoprotein Requirements for Reuptake of:
- Chylomicrons? (by what cells?) - VLDL? (by what cells?) - LDL? (by what cells?) |
- Apo E (Liver cells)
- Apo E (Liver cells) - Apo B100 (Extrahepatic cells) |
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Older, mentally slow female of northern European descent who is "LEMON-COLORED", with a smooth, shiny tongue.
- classic presentation of what? - secondary to what etiology? - what does "lemon-colored" mean? - smooth, shiny tongue indicative of? - patient would also demonstrate what type of gait? |
- Pernicious anemia
(classic presentation) - Anemic & Icteric - Atophic Glossitis - Shuffling, broad-based gait |
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What antibiotic inhibits the Peptidyltransferase enzyme?
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ChloramPhenicol
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What antibiotic inhibits the Translocation step?
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Macrolides
(i.e. - Clindamycin & Erythromycin) |
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What antibiotic interferes with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site?
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Tetracycline
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ANGIOKERATOMAS
- describe - seen in what Dz? - angiokeratomas seen where classically in this Dz? |
- Punctate, Dark, Red, & NON-Blanching maculopapules
- Fabry's Dz - btw Umbilicus & Knees |
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FABRY'S DISEASE
- enzyme def.? - accumulation of? - without enzyme replacement, what is the greatest risk leading to death? |
- Galactosidase A
- Ceramide Trihexosides - progressive Renal Failure |
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What accounts for Elastin's resilient properties?
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- extensive Desmosine Crosslinking
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How is Elastin different from Collagen
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- very few proline & lysine Hydroxylations
- lacks triple helices |
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Desmosine Crosslinking
- extensive in what collagen-like tissue - catalyzed by what enzyme? |
- Elastin
- Lysyl-Hydroxylase (extracellular) |
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PCR
- what must be known about the target DNA? - requires what kind of triphosphates? |
- Flanking sequences
(target sequence itself does not need to be known) - Deoxy-nucleotide triphosphates |