Chemistry

Introduction In 1950 the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Otto Diels and Kurt Alder for their description of an invaluable chemical reaction (The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950). The reaction they described was for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in a six membered ring with exceptional control of its stereochemistry in one step (Diels-Alder Reaction Gains Nobel Prize). This was an important discovery due to the fact that six membered rings are abundant natural products and man-made…

Determining the Chemical Formula of a Hydrate PROCEDURE Experiment required: copper (II) sulfate hydrate, 2 crucibles, electronic mass balance, bunsen burner, iron ring, crucible tong, clay triangle, wire gauze, retort stand, 1. Individuals should wear goggles on and tied hair back before the experiment started. 2. The mass of an empty crucible cover was measured. 3. Approximately 2.00g of copper (II) sulfate hydrate samples was taken out and put into the crucible. 4. The mass of the crucible…

The expression "SN1" is the abbreviation of "unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction", one of the most common reactions in organic chemistry. As a fundamental reaction type, the mechanism of SN1 reaction has long been clear to the researchers, and the rate of the reaction concluded from the mechanism is quite simple. According to the mechanism, the rate of an "ideal" SN1 reaction is only proportional to the concentration of the substrate, which can be expressed as the following formula:…

The main principle of manufacture of urea has two main reactions. 2NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 -37.4 Kcal/mol NH2COONH4 NH2CONH2 + H2O + 6.3 Kcal/mol While going main reactions, the undesirable side reaction taking place is 2NH2CONH2 NH2CONHCONH2 (Biuret) + NH3 This process is further complicated by the formation of a substance called biuret, NH2CONHCONH2, which should be kept low because it adversely affects the growth…

Rachel Slee Mrs. Zamiara Honors Chemistry 9 March 2017 Chemistry of Caffeine Caffeine, or trimethylxanthine, is a compound in the alkaloid group. This compound forms its specific shape through the combination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and is most commonly found naturally in tea, coffee, and cacao. It can also be synthetically made to be put into several energy drinks, or other caffeinated beverages. Caffeine is a polar molecule because the oxygen and nitrogen molecules…

Damaged hair, as much as it hurts to say this, all hair eventually becomes damaged in some way. Damaged hair is a problem because as hair follicles start to dry out and split, your hair’s natural instinct is to try and take care of itself with it’s natural oils. Those natural oils are what we call: hair grease. The more damaged the hair is, the more oils come out to try and help it get back to a good shape. The problem with that is, with hair styling and extra product, those oils don’t help your…

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, limiting equivalent conductance (Λ0), ion association, activation energy and thermodynamic functions. Introduction: The measurement of electrical conductivities of dilute solutions of salts or complexes is considered to be one of the important methods for studying the ion-pair or multiple- ion association not only in aqueous solutions but also in non-aqueous or mixed ones 1-4. Also, conductivity measurements were used to evaluate the hydration free energy of some…

1.0. Synopsis The objective of this experiment is to use the gravimetric method to determine the concentration of sulfate. Gravimetric analysis is a method used to determine the mass or concentration of a substance by measuring a change in mass. To determine the concentration of the sulfate, the precipitation of Barium sulfate is done first by adding the sulfate solution with hydrochloric acid, then heating while stirring it. Next is the washing and filtration of the Barium Sulfate precipitate,…

This essay going to be about an atom. Atom is always around us all the time and ever object are made out of an atom. We, humans, are also made of the atom. Knowing about the structure and what it really is a very important thing to learn as a student. In order to learn about an atom, we will have to understand about Democritus first. So who is Democritus? Democritus is the first human to ever come up with the first atomic theory. Democritus was born in Greece around 460BC. He has a life spend…

Raj Bose IB Chemistry HL Period 4 15/10/2014 Research Question: How does increasing the concentration of copper (II) nitrate solution in a voltaic cell affect the voltage produced? Variables: Variables Description of the variable Method of controlling variable Independent Concentration of copper (II) nitrate solution used in each trial of the experiment. N/A Dependent The voltage being produced by the two electrodes which is measured by the voltmeter N/A Controlled Concentration of the zinc…