Lipid raft

Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) will be used. In TCID50 serial dilutions from the supernatant of the infected cells will be used to cause cytopathic effects (CPE) on MDCK cells. The TCID50 will be lower in case of viperin-transfected cells compared to the negative control ones. Objective 3: Investigate the effect of viperin on the cell lipid rafts and investigate the IAV release from the cells in the presence of duck viperin. Human viperin inhibits FPPS, which inhibit the formation of lipid raft. Lipid rafts are important for the virus release from the cells (Scheiffele et al. 1999; Leser & Lamb 2005), thus by inhibiting the lipid raft, the amount of virus released from the cells should be decreased significantly (Wang et al. 2007). In order to detect whether there is a change in the lipid raft in the DF-1 cells stably expressing viperin compared to the DF-1 cells transfected with an empty vector, lipid raft will be stained with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-FITC which is a marker for the lipid rafts, while the nucleus will be stained with Hoechst 33342, which is used to stain the nuclei of the fixed cells. I expect to see a decrease in the lipid raft in the DF-1 cells stably expressing viperin compared to the DF-1 cells that are transfected with an empty vector. FPPS is a key enzyme in the synthesis of FPP, which is a precursor of cholesterol (Bloch 1965; reviewed in Szkopińska & Płochocka 2005). In IAV infection of primary mouse macrophages, viperin prevented…

Viral pathogens use liver cells to replicate, then attach to their lipid droplets to to accumulate, assemble and bud off into the rest of the body. Liver produces and secretes LDL, VLDL and HDL which are taken up by every cell in the body that uses cholesterol, including the liver cells that take them up too.2 Viruses hijack these lipoproteins and use them to get into the liver cells, where they replicate, which opens up a gateway to the rest of the body. They replicate within the endoplasmic…

Hey everyone. It's Badger. Rafter is out for a bit thanks to a project for a public speaking class, so I'm kind of the only one who's free to post for the moment. So here's my post: Once again, I've noticed my random paddling crews giving me odd looks for asking to sit in an strangely specific section of the raft: left-hand tube near the stern of the raft, usually at the last thwart in the back. People who don't know me seem to assume that I'm sitting there because it's the safest. It's…

There I was at the kern river with my mom, uncle, aunt , and cousins. We were there for 5 days but on the fifth day we had to leave. On the fourth day we went to the river for the third time and at that time I wasn't even thinking about a crayfish because I thought we were just going to go rafting. Until my uncle pete said " If you guys catch a crayfish I will by you guys ice cream. Then I expected thinking this would be a piece of cake but then thought about it real hard and said in my head…

The major bottleneck for lipid extraction from the wet microalgae is the low extraction efficiency, because of the immiscibility of nonpolar organic solvents with water contained in wet microalgae {Yoo, 2012 #31} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Traditional method for lipid extraction from dry biomass uses a co-solvent system, which consist of a non-polar solvent and polar solvent {Halim, 2012 #7} {Kim, 2013 #118}. When the co-solvent system is directly applied to wet microalgal biomass, the microalgal cells…

and Cowardice, shown on the Australian television show “Sunday Night” on Friday March 12 2012, documents the 4 day survival story of 10 workers who were abandoned out at sea during a massive storm and left to die. Sunday Night produced a sympathetic documentary about 10 innocent oil rig workers who are caught in amongst a massive storm along with the choice of the Captain on the Mermaid Vigilance a passing ship to leave the men to their death. This documentary represents the situation as it says…

It was 4:22 a.m June 6, 1944, everyone in the camp was woken up by sirens. We were 20 miles out from Normandy beach. Sargent had not told us what was going on yet, we were just told to suit up and get to the boats. I heard a quiet buzz around the compound from various soldiers of various ranks that we were going to Normandy Germany and I knew this meant war. We loaded up the boats with around 16 per boat. I snatched my thompson and threw a extremely heavy flamethrower on my back and I got on the…

When I find my boat of people and raft guide for the day, I see six Indians (from India) and two large white Americans. We put on the river and practice a few paddling commands before we head into our first class V rapid of the day, Exterminator. Immediately, I am aware of the poor paddling techniques as they are smashing paddles against each other, and we are barely moving anywhere. This is not uncommon, when you put eight people in a raft and only two have ever paddled before. The large white…

Traveling Down South The first time I traveled out of Ohio, I got to travel to Tennessee and to Florida. We traveled to Tennessee first then to Florida. My dad, step mom, Little brother and sister and I chose to travel to two different states because me and my siblings had a set of grandparents in each state. When we first arrived in both states we went to Crispy Cream and got donuts. Which is the best donut shop ever in my opinion. I’ve learned accouple lessons my first time in both states.…

Do you think you could survive on a raft in the middle of sea? Do you think you could survive being beaten, tortured, and starved for days and months? One man can. A man named Louie Zamperini. This man was lionhearted with aksi a hint of being solicitous in his personality. This man was rebellious. Zamperini was one of the many survivors, that survived the impossible. Louie Zamperini was lionhearted. He was a brave and determined man, not only for himself, but for others too. Zamperini was a…