Mineralocorticoid

Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia or NCAH is a disorder that affects both men and women from late childhood through the rest of their lives. Compared to its sister form, classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, it is non-life threatening. The Mayo Clinic, a service that gives people medical information and helps set up doctor appointments, defines NCAH as “a collection of genetic conditions that limit your adrenal glands' ability to make certain vital hormones.” These vital hormones include, but aren’t limited to, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, androgens and corticosteroids. Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an uncommon disorder affecting only one percent of the population in a 1 to 1000 ratio, according to the National Library of Medicine. From experience, this disorder is rather frustrating, difficult to manage, and painful at times but NCAH is treatable. At the cellular level of this disorder, non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a 21-hydroxylase deficiency, a common autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CYP21A2 gene, according to Dr. Selma Witchel, a pediatric endocrinologist at Children’s Hospital in Pittsburgh. This disorder is hereditary when both parents carry the recessive gene for it or when one has the disorder and the other has the recessive gene. Genes are located in DNA, which is found in the nucleus of cells. “The mutation associated with NCAH generally indicates a 50–80% loss of enzymatic…

(ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone.) Significant low results from the initial sample showed hyponatremia with a sodium level of 103mmol/L, hypochloraemia with a chloride level of 64mmol/L and low total CO2 of 19mmol/L. Hyponatremia is the most common initial laboratory finding as cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid activity and it is also required for free water excretion. A loss of aldosterone activity also leads to natriuresis (Munir & Waseem, 2017). Significant high results from the initial…

Albuterol is an adrenergic receptor agonist with pharmacological properties and therapeutic indications similar to terbutaline. The mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of adrenergic receptor agonists is without a doubt linked to the direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle and the bronchodilator. Although human bronchial smooth muscle receives little or no sympathetic stoppage, it contains large numbers of adrenergic receptors. When the adrenergic receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase…

Hypotension is caused by the adrenal glands being unable to produce sufficient amounts of the blood pressure regulating hormone called cortisol. Therefore, without the adrenal glands functioning appropriately, sympathetic activity is decrease. There are not many treatments that are available to patients with Addison's disease. The current treatments of Addison's disease are generally taken throughout the patient's life. The replacement hormone therapies, include oral glucocorticoids,…

steroids resemble testosterone in promoting the growth of muscles. These hormones are used medically to treat some forms of weight loss. Anabolic steroids are also used by some athletes to enhance physical performance. ‘Although steroids help people focus and help their performance steroids have side effects that can severely hurt how they play in a game’ as it states in the U.S Drug Institution. If people are caught taking steroids in sports they could be suspended or expelled from that sport. …

Cholesterol and Steroids are both really important compounds to organisms. Cholesterol is a compound of sterol type found in most body tissues. The Cholesterol is a huge part of an organism's body but can also be dangerous. A Steroids is a organic compound with a structure containing four rings of carbon atoms. The Steroid is also, as well as Cholesterol, is a big part of an organism’s body and can also be as dangerous as Cholesterol. Cholesterol is important to an organism because it plays…

High blood pressure can cause hemorrhagic stroke, damage the inner lining of arteries which can lead to atherosclerosis which can result in a heart attack or stroke. Medical texts suggest that anabolic steroids may lead to high blood pressure due to their sodium-retention properties. This is because they inhibit the enzyme 11-beta hydroxylase, which increase the production of deoxycorticosterone, a mineralocorticoid in the adrenal glands, which concludes to sodium and water retention. Some users…

by examining the patients’ medical history and the existence of associated disorders [3]. If the adrenal gland is enlarged and calcified on an abdominal CT then adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a rare genetic metabolic disorder can be ruled out [3]. Treatment To best manage PAI yearly reviews by an endocrinologist are recommended to look at mineralcorticoid replacement therapy and in order to check for new autoimmune diseases that might have arisen. Patient education surrounding crisis prevention…

Introduction There are two different types of steroids: natural steroids and synthetic steroids. Natural steroids are made from fats in the body. “Any of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, such as: sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most of which have specific physiological action” (Steriod, n.d.). The human body naturally produces the following steroids: sex steroids, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, bile acid, and sterols. Sex steroids are made up of androgens and…

Primary adrenal insufficiency (also known under the eponym Addison’s disease) occurs when the adrenal glands situated on top of the kidneys produce inadequate amounts of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. Autoimmune destruction of the aforementioned glands is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the developed countries, whereas tuberculosis is the second most frequent cause worldwide. A plethora of autoimmune comorbidities can be associated with primary adrenal…