Serotonin transporter

value. Patrick catches onto her motivation but unfortunately can only echo her concerns as true. He too feels pointless in it all. What can Patrick do to change the nature of their limbo? He knows the solution is beyond his powers. Marina hums the tune once more. It’s a tune that requires Patrick to answer. Patrick has a eureka moment! He expands upon his thoughts in song however to himself. The song turns into a plot device explaining a series of transporter modifications he could employ to extend the lives of the crew allowing them to finish the heroic journey to Andromeda. In effect, they would be the same people but their purpose as stepping stones could be altered to enact those of the explorers meant to finish their journey. By extending life five thousand years and becoming the generation to hit Andromeda Patrick would infuse historical purpose into the work Marina, the crew and he does. Unfortunately, or perhaps, fortunately, considering the long journey ahead their memories would be wiped each transporter iteration. The once eureka moment has taken on the characteristics of a devilish deal. Has Patrick solved unhappiness or will he deprive their humanity of some fundamental characteristic of personhood? Patrick who was once in celebration of the solution is now more lost than ever. What is a duty to his friend, what is best and right? The exterior of the Lexington is shown in the middle of two Galaxies. Marina is humming a tune in Sick Bay.…

becomes increasingly difficult. It also incldes feeling restlessness, easily fatigued, concentration diminished, irritable, muscle tension and sleep disturbance. (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000). Most people that experience negative life events do not always develop depression or anxiety (Brown, Bifulco, & Harris, 1987) for this reason there is strong evidence to suggest that some may be susceptible. Studies have shown biological roots, Caspi et al, 20003…

Depending on the amount of 5-HT released either by EC cells, or directly applied to the organ, as in this experiment, determines level of response from the receptors (Coates et al., 2006). Little agonist and it may not be able to activate a receptor (or enough receptors for a response), and too much can lead to certain disorders and irritability. Serotonin-selective reuptake transporters (SERTs) act to inhibit the action of 5-HT by removing it from the interstitial space where it may then bind…

By using observational and experimental methods we have evidence that variation in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene changes a persons stress response to their environment (Losada, Wei, Aberg, Sjoholm, Lavebratt, Forsell, 2013, p. 216). Many studies have tested the hypothesis that variation in the 5-HTT is associated with depression given exposure to stressful events. The study done on the effect of the serotonin transporter showed “the occurrence of depression was 1.5 fold higher among…

Amphetamines are characterized as dopamine releasers that elevate levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, the space between neurons at a nerve synapse, by four distinct mechanisms. The primary mechanism involves amphetamine acting as a substrate for dopamine transporters. The transporters are responsible for pumping dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into the cytoplasm of presynaptic neurons. The binding of amphetamines to dopamine transporters, inhibit dopamine uptake resulting in a…

Nicotine withdrawal may be one potential cause of depression in people predisposed to getting depression, via nicotine sharing several biological pathways with depression. While depressed people may be more likely to smoke (e.g., Edwards et al., 2011), smoking may also cause depression, via nicotine withdrawal. There are several neurological pathways that depression and nicotine are associated with, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin related…

Optogenetic stimulation of LH neurons expressing vesicular GABA transporter (LHVGat ; putative GABA neurons) induces feeding and optical self-stimulation, whereas selective ablation of these neurons reduces feeding, body weight gain, and motivation to obtain palatable reward124. VTA MC3R-GABA may decrease feeding and/or food reward by direct inhibition of LHVgat neurons. Additionally, VTA MC3R expressing neurons may affect feeding and food reward by indirect action on LH GABA neurons.…

allergic reactions. Some of the unknown side effects include serious skin reaction, e.g., Stevens-Johnson, psychosis, mania, and hallucinations (Dickman, 2010). Drug interaction: Modafinil is metabolized by CYP3A4 and is also has an inhibitory effect of the enzyme CYP2C19. It is weak inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 and weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. The metabolism of SSRIs and TCAs via CYP2C19 become more important if patient has deficient of CYP2D6. As a result, lower doses of the antidepressants may…

(2001) found no significant effects of moderate MDMA use, however, heavy use was found to be associated with global decreases in serotonin transporters, believed to be a consequence of serotonin neurotoxicity, with women being more susceptible to “dose-related decreases in serotonin transporters” than men. According to Reneman et al. (2001) these decreases in serotonin transporters could be reversed, however long-term effects in the parieto-occipital cortex and occipital cortex is also a…

from depression tend to have an emotional flooding. The monoamine hypothesis was first introduced during the 1950s and researchers found that the level of serotonin in the brain might be related to the etiology of mood disorders (Hirschfeld, 2000). Over more than three…