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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Flat Bones
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Two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a central region of spongy bone.
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Long bones
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Bear the weight of the body
Longer than they are wide |
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of the long bone
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Epiphyses
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Two ends of the long bone
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Short bones
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Resemble blocks and bear weight
(carpals and tarsals) |
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Irregular bones
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Have any number of shapes
Vertebral, Wormian bones in skull, patellae |
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Axial skeleton
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bones that form the body's central axis:
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
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Appendicular skeleton
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Bones of upper and lower appendages, and bones used to attach them
Arms, legs, hands, feet, shoulder and hip girdles |
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Calcium phosphate
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Mineral salt
major component of bone main component of hydroxyapatite |
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Calcium hydroxide
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Component of bone
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Hydroxyapatite
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Crystals made of calcium phosphate that are embedded in collagen (protein) fibers
Adds hardness and strength to bones |
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Collagen
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Protein fibers - adds to flexibility of bones
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Hemopoiesis
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Blood cell formation
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Red bone marrow
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Where hemopoiesis occurs (blood cell formation)
Found in spongy center of most bones. Where red and white blood cells and platelets are made |
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Epiphyseal plate
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found where diaphysis joins wider part of bone called metaphysis
(Growth plate) |
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Metaphysis
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wider part of the bone extremity
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Articular cartilage
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Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Provides a frictionless surface for bones to adjoin one another |
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Periosteum
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Connective tissue membrane
Diaphysis is covered by periosteum |
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Spongy bone
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Interior of bone
also called cancellous bone Networks of bony plates and rods called trabeculae |
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Trabeculae
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Networks of bony plates and rods in bones
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Compact bone
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Outer wall of diaphysis of long bone
dense and hard |
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Yellow bone marrow
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Interior of diaphysis
Fatty |
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Medullary cavity
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marrow cavity of bone
lined with thin membrane called endosteum |
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Endosteum
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thin membrane lining interior of bone
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Osteons/
Haversian systems |
Intricate series of concentric rings of bony tissue
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Central canal
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At center of each osteon
contains nerve and blood cells |
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Perforating canals
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connect the bone cells with one another and link central canals
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Lamellae
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Surrounds each central canal
The rings of the osteon |
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Lacunae
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Spaces within the rings (lamellae)
Where osteocytes are found |
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Osteocytes
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Inactive bone forming cells that have become trapped within the bony tissue they produce
Nourish bone and remove wastes from surrounding bone |
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Canaliculi
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Ultramicroscopic extensions
link lacunae to one another and to central conal |
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Intersitital lamellae
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Fill spaces between osteons
Incomplete osteons |
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Osteoblasts
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Highly active
make protein (collagen) and hydroxyapatite of bone |
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Hyaline cartilage
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Rods develop with shape of long bones
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Ossification
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Bone formation
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Intramembranous ossification
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Occurs in flat bones and skull
Takes place when osteoblasts migrate into membranes and form clusters called ossification centers |
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Ossification centers
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Osteoblasts secrete the bony matrix composed of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate.
Soon are surrounded by bone |
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Endochondral ossification
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Occurs in long bones
Blood vessels grow into center of rod of hyaline cartilage osteoblasts develop within membrane Interior remains hollow |
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Lammellar bone
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Alternate name for compact bone
Dense bone that exhibits osteons |
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Osteoclasts
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Bone destoying cells
Secrete substances that dissolve bone |
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Arthrology
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Study of joints
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Synarthroses
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Immovable joints
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Amphiarthroses
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semi-movable joints
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Diarthroses
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Freely movable joints
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Sutures
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Synarthroses (immovable joints) in skull
Where frontal bone meets two parietal bones Where Parietal bones meet each other and occipital bone |
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Gomphosis
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Where a tooth joins bony socket
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Syndesmosis
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Fibrous membrane connects the shafts of two adjacent long bones
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Intervertebral disks
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Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Fibrocartilage surrounding a gelatinous core |
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Pubic symphysis
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Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Small amount of movement occurs |
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Sacroiliac joing
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Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Where sacrum joins the ilium portion of the hip |
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Synovial Cavity
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Encases two bones
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Fibrous Capsule
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Encases two bones and forms synovial cavity
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Synovial membrane
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Thick lubricatedLines inner surface of synovial cavity
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Synovial fluid
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Secreted by synovial membrane
Thick, lubricating fluid |
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Cartilaginous disks
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Two cartilaginous disks are found in each knee joint
Divides some joint cavities |
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Semilunar meniscus
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Crescent shaped cartilage in knee
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Ligaments
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Thick bundles of cords found in some synovial capsules
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Bursae
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lined with synovial membranes
commonly found between skin and bony prominences lying beneath the skin |
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Hinge joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Movement occurs in only one plane Elbow, knee, fingers |
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Pivot joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Cylindrical surface of one joint rotates within a ring formed by another bone Atlas and axis |
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Ball-and-socket joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Ball-like head fits into a cuplike cavity Allows most freedom of movement Scapula hip |
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Condyloid joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Biaxial joint Articular surfaces are oval Rotation not possible Where radius meets carpals at wrist |
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Saddle Joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Biaxial joint Rotation is restricted Two articulating bones have concave and convex surfaces, respectively Convex surface of one bone fits the concave surface of another Carpals and metacarpals |
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Gliding joint
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Diarthrotic joint
Gliding, nonaxial movement Between carpal bones Sacrum and ilium |
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Flexion
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Bending
movement of the joint to reduce the angle between two bones |
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Extension
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Stretching out
movement of joint where angle between bones increases |
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Abduction
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Moving a body part away from the midline of the body
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Adduction
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Moves a body part toward the midline
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Rotation
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Body part moves without an axis
Shaking head "no" |
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Medial Rotation
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Toward midline
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Lateral rotation
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Away from midline
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Pronation
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Rotation of forearm and hand so palm is turned backward
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Supination
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Forearm rotation so palm turns toward anatomical position
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Elevation
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Raising a body part
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Depression
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Lowering a body part
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Retraction
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Moving a body part backward, such as pulling in chin
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Protraction
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Moving a body part forward, such as thrusting the chin outward
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Eversion
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Turning the foot so the sole is outward
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Inversion
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Turning the foot so the sole is inward
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Dorsiflexion
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Bending the foot toward the shin
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Plantar flexion
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Bending the foot away from the shin
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The skull bones and ribs and bones of the pelvis are types of bones classified as
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Flat bones
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Those bones that bear the weight ofthe body are classified as
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Long bones
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The projections of irregular bones such as on the vertebrae provide sites for the attachment of muscle tendons and
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ligaments
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The irregular bones found in the skull joints are
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Wormian bones
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All the bones of tghe skull, vertebral column, and the ribcage are considered together as the
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Axial skeleton
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Two examples of short blocklike obnes in the body are the bones of the wrist called carpals, and the bones of the ankles known as
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Tarsals
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Crystals consisting mostly of calcium phosphate form a component of bone called
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Hydroxyapatite
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The major protein in the fibers of the bone matrix is
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Collagen
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Bone serves to support the body, protect the organs, store calcium, and serve as sites of formation of
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Blood cells
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Red bone marrow is particularly active at the center of bones such as the vertebrae and the bones of the
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Sternum
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The two ends of a long bone are known as
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Epiphyses
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The thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the outer surface of the end of a long bone is called the
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Articular cartilege
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Wherever it lacks a cartilege cover, the long bone is covered with a connective tissue membrane known as the
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Periosteum
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The interior portion of the epiphysis of the bone consists of
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Spongy bone
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The marrow cavity in long bones is filled with
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Yellow bone marrow
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Spongy bone contains networks of bony plates and rods known as
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Trabeculae
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The histological and p histological unit of compact bone is the
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Osteon
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The microscopic spaces that contain the osteocytes of bone are the
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Lacunae
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The central canals of osteons are connected by a system of channels called
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Perforating canals
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The cells making the protein and hydroxapatite for bone growth are
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Osteoblasts
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Bone formation takes place by a process of
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Ossification
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Bone formation occurring withing membranes is correctly known as
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Intromembranous ossification
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Bone formation taking place near the ends of the long bones occurs by the process of
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Endochondral ossification
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Before puberty, the long bone lengthens at a zone of cartilage beyond the ossification center called the
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Epiphyseal plate
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Bone is remodeled and dissolved by substances secreted by bone-destroying cells referred to as
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Osteoclasts
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The destruction and remodeling of bone provides the body with ions such as phosphate ions and
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Calcium ions
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The excessive breakdown of bone may exceed its deposit in the condition called
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Osteoporosis
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Semimovable joints are called
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Amphiarthroses
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An immovable joint consisting of two adjacent edges of bone separated by a small amount of fibrous tissue is an
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Synarthroses
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An example of a synarthrosis occurring in the skull is
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a suture
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Where a tooth comes together with its bony socket, the union forms an immovable joint called a
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Gomphosis
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An amphiarthrotic joint is found between the two pubis bones and between the bodies of the
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Vertebrae
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A diarthrosis is a freely movable joint consisting of two bones separated by a cavity called the
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Synovial cavity
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The joints occurring at the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle are examples of a
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Diarthrotic joint
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The thick fluid found within the synovial cavity of a diarthrotic joint is called
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Synovial fluid
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The cartilaginous disk found in the kne joint is referred to as
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Semilunar Meniscus
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Joints can be stabilized by muscles connected to bones near the joint or by thick bundles of cords known as
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Ligaments
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Closed, fluid filled sacs found near diarthrotic joints are called
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Bursae
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A diarthrotic joint that permits rotation is a
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Pivot Joint
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Where the head of hte humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, there is a diarthrotic joint called a
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Ball-and-socket joint
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Where the radius meets the carpals at the wrist, the diarthrotic joint is a
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Condyloid joint
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Where bones have concave and convex surfaces that articulate, the diarthrotic joint is known as a
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Saddle joint
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Movement at a joint in which the angle between two bones is reduced is known as
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Flexion
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When a body part is moved away from the midline of the body, the movement is referred to as
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Abduction
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When a body part moves toward the midline, the movement is
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Adduction
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