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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
species typical behavior
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model action patterns characteristic of one species
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sign stimuli
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restricted set of stimuli that are required to elicit a model action pattern-small part of cues that ordinarily precede a fixed action patternspecific stimulis characteristic that triggers a specific behavior, coul dbe just a simple visual cue for bird female stimulis neaded was only head and neck, taxidermic model was responded to just as much as the live female
aka releasing stimulis |
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motivational factors
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set stage for a fixed action pattern, whose actual occurenve is triggered by a sign stimulis
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order that this stuff happens in
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1)motivational state
2)sign stimulis elicits 3)action pattern or behavior |
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hydraulic model
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certain factors leaad up to the buildup of a particular type of motivation or drive (hunger)
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appetitive behavior
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variable behavior that occurs in response to general spatial cues (looking for food)
consists of activities that enable an organism to come into contact with the sign stimuli that will elicit the model action oatters |
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consummatory behavior
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restricted behaviors that occur once organism encounters object of motivational state, stereotyped species-typical behaior, complete or consummate the response sequence (not specific behavior) , response discharges motivational or drive state
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behavior systems
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1)consist of three or modes of behavior
2)linear 3)animal may go fowards or backwards in sequence 4)increased sensitivity or attention to particular stimuli |
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reflex
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smallest unit of unconditioned behavior, formuated by descartes
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learning represents an interaction bw
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training procedures and preexisting behavior
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complex social behavior
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response components that are elicited by social stimuli (fertilization behavior is elicited)
nicely coordinated social responses-bag of reflexes chained toegther, built in response to stimuli in unconditioned ways |
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model action pattern
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complex elicited behavior...most members of the species perform the action pattern in a highly stereotyed pattern, action pattern is characteristic of a species
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elicited behavior
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instinctive movements, unconditioned, behavior that fors the basis for learning, not conditioned
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scientific method
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set of assumptions, attitudes, goals and procedures for creating and answering questions about nature.
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nature is lawful
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natural events (behavior and mental activity)have a predictable series of causes and effects
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nature is determined
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natural events have a flow of antecedents and consequences, no such thing as gods or supernatural
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nature is understandable
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just bc we dont know the answer know we should not jump to irrational conclusions
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hypothesis
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capable of disproof and refute, proposition concerning relationship amongst variables
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law
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well established relationship among variables, well confrimed hypothesis for which there is substantial empirical support
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Theory
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highest level of explanation of facts, data precedes the theory (theory of evolution)
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postulate
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propposition or assumption apart of a more comprehensive theory, subject to experimetal test and more broad then a hypothesis
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to be scientifically useful a theory must
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explain and predict available facts
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deductive theory
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logically interwined propositions that are deliberately subjected to a thorough ongoing empirical attack
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inductive theory
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summary statements of empirical relationships intended to primarily organize facts in a descriptive manner (noting consistencies in behavior)
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functional theory
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similar to deductive theory-closely related to a particular problem and data relevant to that problem (Darwin theory of evolution)
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model
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a conceptual framework or structure that has been successfully developed in one field and is now applied primarily as a guide to research and thinking in some, other less developed field
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paradigm
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protype, pattern or conceptual framework of a more general phenomenon, associated with methods and procedures for illustrating or conducting research on a given phen (conditioning as the paradigmm for learning in general-associative learning how responses become patterns)
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intervening variable
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any variable functionaly connected to preceeding and following variable
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hypothetical construct
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process or state that is inferred as actually existing (though not yet fully observable) potential reality status, whereas intervening variables are strictly inferred "relationships"
same as intervening variable for our purposes |
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mentalism
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internal states in people, objects, things
pre 16th century attitude-behavior is attributed to internal goals, attitudes, intentions (rock had an intent/passion to fall to the ground) |
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mechanism
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identifying environmental variables
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galileo/newton
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mechanism, start of modern science, showed that physical bodies behave in lawful and predictable ways, NOT something inherent in rock but bc of forces acting apon it
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descartes
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applied mechanical view to humans
sees statues and parks and realizes that aspects of animal and human behavior are in response to particular environmental stimuli after descrates scientists study PHYSIOLOGICAL questions |
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descartes-dualism
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involuntary and voluntary behavior
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involuntary
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mechanical behavior, reflex arc, motions of inanimate objects
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voluntary
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behavior governed by reason and the mind, mnind is aware of involuntary actions but cannot control them
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Thomas Hobbes
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voluntary action is in presence of mind, but activities of mind can by themselves be explained through mechanical laws, no distinction in how lawful voluntary and involuntary behaviors are-both have laws
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British EMpiricism/Associationism
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source of all knowledge is sensory experience-innate ideas-born with certain ideas built into mind specifically, (existence of God)
--->Materialism-genetic predispostion built into humans |
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law of contiguity
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closeness-when things occur they become associated in terms of time and space.
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subsidiary laws
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similarity, contrast, frequency-cause and effect
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john swammerdam
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mechanical stimulation of nerves is sufficent to produce movement of muslce attached to nerve
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by mid 19th century
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nerve conduction is electrical
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Johannes Miller "Law of specific nerve energies"
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each sensory nerve has its characteristic type of activity (visual nerve-visual impact)
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darwin-the origin of species
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cemented ideas of lawfulness of behavior
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Herbert Spencer
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analogy to darwins theory to explain behavior-links philospohy and psychology
*organisms engage essentially in random activities-some activity pleasurable and painful consequences pleasurable consequences select the activities for repitition or elimination |
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Ebbinghaus
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"father of cog psych"
studies of "higher menatl activity" -unqie methods for controlling prior associations -methods for styudying memory an dlearning -stood test of time- first 19 mmin down by 40% by 1 hr 605 of info learned was goooneee. |
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john stuart mill
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"mental chemistry" sensations combine to produce compound ideas that are vastly more complex and different from original sensory experiences
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darwin-evolution, variation random
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natural selection-variations with survival value will be passed on to succeeding generations
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watson experiment-classical conditioning
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associative learning esential to emotional reaction
generalization of classically conditioned stimulis with similar objects (loud noise and rabbit) fear lingers on whenever the boy sees a rabbit, but can be extinguished by pairing positive reinforcement before conditioned object. |
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once conditions phobias are very
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persistent
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operant response
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get out of situation to avoid fear of response
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systematic desensitization
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counterconditioning only way we know to get rid of phobias, present stimuli that are the same but different, grade stimuli closer and closer to the real thing-cannot physically be relaxed and anxious at the same time-empirically validated therapy(Mary Jones)
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shaping
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reinforcers, action rewarded (money/attention) will occur again. determine when reinforcers will occur to get rat to press bar, small steps lead to action
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Cha cha
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positive reinforcer for saying word-immediate reinforcer. token economy-paired with icecream (primary reinforcer) token (secondary conditioned reinforcer)
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punishment (such as time outs)
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aversive effect, immediatly after action, most effective for elimination of behavior
events produce aggression afetr punishment-makes rat engage in escape behavior-try to get away then rats agress towards each other, as society ppl lash at echa other, societies which use punishment will have anger pervasive |
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behaviors that are built in can be conditioned to
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change
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generalization
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can occur at a very cognitive level. makes phobias debilitating-anything associated with stimuli
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counter-conditioning
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fear response extinguished if stimuli presented where not possible to display the fear, can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time. used in extinction of any maladaptive conditioned response
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Learning
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relatively permenent change in the nervous system that results from practice that gives rise to changes in behavior that cannot be accounted for by other simpler processes
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permenent
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lifetime or over some reasonable period of time relative to animal studying
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change in the
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nervous system
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nervous system
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brain constantly undergoing change
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from practice
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experience in the environment-practice can be one trial like taste aversion
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gives rise to changes in behavior
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learning/performance distinction
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no other processes
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if explained by maturation, motivation, adaptation, fatigue, drugs then NOT learning
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is animal behavior inherent or through learning? saliva-under control of nerves? what causes saliva to run? is it similar to knee jerk?
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drool automatically when dogs mouth touch food-voluntary, dogs begin to salivate when they anticipate experiment in anticipation of food, ticking sound connected to arrival of meat
---> "conditioned reflex" to salivate at stimulis whatever it is-how animals learn in the wild. |
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to survive animals need two reflexes:
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1) autonomic
2) conditioned-associate things useful for survival |
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pavlovian
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predict future events
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operant
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consequences of behavior
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william von anson and the horse
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taught addition, no sign of intentional triggery, horse can only tap correct number of times is von anson knew the number-no clues provided in voice when the guy stood behind the horse but counts correct when questioner is in front-due to visual cues
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E.L. Thorndike
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1st trial-day old chicks take several mins to move through maze to companions, dont do it suddenly but do it progressively
shows progressive nature of learning |
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no insightful behavior
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trial and error to learn-first successes occur by chance, if action brings reward, action becomes stamped into mind
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law of effect
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behavior changes because of consequences-bison and snow-habit acquired by trial error-rewards in environment create habits which cause animals to make best of situation (bears not good at fishing but learn to do so)
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trial and error learning
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insturmental learning or operant conditioning
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JB Watson
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islands of nests, many different birds. how do they identify their own nest and eggs?
moves egg- bird goes back to original patch of grass with egg in full view. bird attached to spot originaly selected for nest. alters height of nest-no effect, black cloth-no effect, specific place, specific landmark to find nest-special path each time birds return to nest (like way rats run mazes) |
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once learned habits are resistent to
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change---rat refuses to eat food halfway through the maze which has been taught to find food at end of maze (vise versa)
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BF Skinner-operant conditioning-skinner box
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habits reinforced by infrequent rewards (gambling) variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
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behavior is a function of
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schedule (ratio/interval) behavior is always the same regardless of any animal. can study any animal and relate it to humans
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descartes-was wrong abiout two things
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the vigor of an elicited response is directly related to intensity of stimulis but reflex strength can be regulated-given reflex responses can be mofified. he also believed a reflex response will always occur when the eliciting stimulis is presented
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target range
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functions maintained within acceptable limits or within a defined range (thermostat, cruise control on car) aka homeostatic level
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homeostatis maintained by
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opponent processes- processes that counteract or oppose each other (habituation and sensitization)
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habituation
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decrements in reactivity
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sensitization
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increments in responding
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startle response
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sudden move or flinch caused by a novel stimulis. if it is a strong stimulis (like the compicated checkerboard) sensitization will occur at first and then habituation
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visual attention depends on
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1)what stimulis is
2) how often it has been presented |
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stimulis specificity
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habituation is specific to the particular stimulis, if a new stimulus is presente dthe habituation will recover, with the degree of recovery determined by how similar the new stimulis is to the habituated one. see figure 3.3
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figure 3.3 green light
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responding incraeses as green light is moved away from original location, more response fatther away shows less learning
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stimulis generalization of habituation
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baby does not respond much to stimuli that occured close to original training position, habituation effect transferred to nearby locations
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habituated response recovers when
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test stimulus is sufficently different from training stimulus, learning takes place to a specific stimlus-less learning-less habituation-more response time (see figure 3.3)
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spontaneous recovery of a habituated response (response that was habitated come back in full magnitude)
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habituation effects are often temporary-they disspiate or are lost as time passes without presentation of eliciting stimulus.
response recovery is produced by a period without stimulation dissipation of habituation over time, with rest |
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flavor neophobia
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no spontaneous recovery evident, new taste once we get used to coffee, w/o ill effectts, neophobia habituates and habituation is permenent-long term habituation
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short term habituation
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cases in which substantial spontaneous recovery occur
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long-term habituation
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significant spontaneous recovery does not occur-
-these effects constitute learning while short term habituation does not the two are not mutually exclusive |
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stimulus frequency
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higher stimulus frequency permits less spontaneous recovery between trials, responding declines more rapidly with frequent stimulus-more rapid habituation, higher freq-less spon recovery
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stimulus intensity
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responding declines more slowly if eliciting stimlus is more intense-slower hab for more intense stimluli
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dishabituation
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exposure to a second stimlus can result in recovery of a previously habituated response
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figure 3.5
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2nd stimulus causes habituation to dissipate or causes the effect of the habituation to go away-it increases the response, increased in attention due to a tone paired with a visual stimulus, tone attracts atttention modifies process of habit
-presentation of tone causes sig recovery of fixed visual to 4x4 pattern. response to original habituated stimlus was enhanced by presentation of dishabituation tone, higher response due to 2nd stimulus. |
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greater sensitization effects (greater incraeses in responding) occur with more
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intense eliciting stimulus
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sensitization is not specific to a particular stimulus
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all loud noises elecit similar reactions, even if quality of tone changes
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habituation and sensitization phenomena
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dependent variable
-are preformance effects, actual behaviors that we observe |
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habituation and sensitization processes
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underlying events responsible for what we observe. processes are reflected in behavior-used to predict phenomena (intervening variable-we can't see what we infer, variable postulating to effect dependent variable)
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processes
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things are postulated to occur in the s-r system and state system
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s-r system
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reflex arc, where habituation takes place, shortest path in nervous system between an eliciting stimulus and resulting elicited resopnse
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state system
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all other neural processes-spinal reflexes-where sensitization takes place sooo they both take place in separate systems
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behavioral output
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when hab is stronger then sens th enet effect is a decrease in response, when sensitization process is stronger then hab then ther eis an increase inresponse
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temporal decay assumption
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after being activated the habituation and sens process decay with time
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implications of dual process theory
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s-r system activated every time stimulus is present-leads to some buildup of hab process. habituation is a universal feature of elicitied behavior, whether effect is seen in behavior depends on if sensitization is present as well
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evidence of hab also depends on
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timing of elcited stimulus andintensity
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sensitization process is not universal
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occurs in state system and occurs if organism encounters a stimulus that us particularly intense or sig *****permits dual process to explain phenomena of dishabituation-dishabituation produced by addition of sensitization consistent with short term hab
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