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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
(2) Subtypes of Anorexia:
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Restricting type
Binge-eating/purging type/ excessive exercise |
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Anorexia: A refusal to maintain more than ___% of normal body weight
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85
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Anorexia: Peak age of onset =___to __ years
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15 to 25
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Anorexia: High comorbidity with other disorders (4)
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o Depression
o Obsessive compulsive disorder o Panic disorder o Personality disorders |
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Anorexia: Prognosis
Approximately __% of people with AN recover eventually. Often takes _-_ years |
70
6-7 |
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Anorexia: AN has one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder
__% die from medical complications or suicide |
20
|
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Bulimia: Symptoms at least__x/wk for __months
(statistic: Average __episodes per week) |
2
3 10 |
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Bulimia: Subtypes (2)
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Purging type
Nonpurging type (only 6-8% of BN cases) |
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Bulimia: Age of onset = ___-___years old
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15-25
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Anorexia: __% will die from AN
__% will recover |
20%
70% |
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Anorexia: First step treatment?
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restore body weight
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Bulimia: High comorbidity with (3) other disorders.
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o Depression
o Substance abuse o Borderline personality disorder |
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Bulimia: • Prevalence: __% of population
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3
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There are many reasons/factors why an individual may develop an eating disorder: (3)
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o Predisposing Factors
o Precipitating Factors o Perpetuating Factors |
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Recovery rate for Bulimia:
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70%
|
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Predisposing Factors:
____ and ____ Factors Genes may promote characteristics such as impulsivity or emotional instability; neurochemicals in the hypothalamus (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) may be involved |
Genetic and Biological
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Predisposing Factors:
_______ Factors Pressures for thinness (thin = beautiful) Media and glorification of eating disorders |
Sociocultural
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First step treatment for bulimia: (2)
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eliminate binge/purge
establish good eating habits |
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Predisposing Factors:
______ Factors High parental expectations, overprotective Lack of conflict resolution |
Familial
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Which medications for Anorexia?
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No medications
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Predisposing Factors
_____ Factors Low self-esteem, low perceived control, perfectionism. |
Individual
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______ Factors (trigger/ just before eating disorders develop)
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Precipitating
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Precipitating Factors (trigger/ just before eating disorders develop)
________ o Loss or break-up of a relationship o Change (moving, graduation) o Pressures about appearance o Acculturative stress |
Stressors
|
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Eating disorders: Precipitating Factors (3)
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Stressors
Dissatisfaction with body weight and shape Dieting to increase feelings of self-worth and control |
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Eating disorders
_______Factors (these maintain the disorder after it develops) Sense of control, identity, achievement • Habit, comfortable • Numbs or helps deal with feelings • Positive reactions from others • Ambivalence about change |
Perpetuating
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sudden onset of REM sleep
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cataplexy
loss of muscle tone |
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Stages of sleep:
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4 steps
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problems with quality of sleep
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Dysomnia
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difficulty falling asleep or staying alseep
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insomnia
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____% suffer from insomnia
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33%
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Chronic excessive sleepiness with no identifiable explanation
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hypersomnia
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when is catalepsy most likely to happen?
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during excitement
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sleeping disorder: airway blocked is called:
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obstruction
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when brain shut down while sleeping:
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central sleep apnea
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A reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from and reduced responsiveness to the environment is?
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Sleep
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sleep:
A ____ _____state of perceptual disengagement from and reduced responsiveness to the environment |
reversible behavioral
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treatments: for sleep apnea (3)
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weight loss
sleeping air mask surgical |
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imbalance of day and night sleep is?
types? |
circadian rythm sleep disorder
jet lag delayed sleep advanced sleep shift work |
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________: Abnormal behavior or events during sleep
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Parasomnia
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Insomnia:
Causes (4) |
Medical disorders
Body temperature problems Other environmental factors Learned phenomenon |
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Primary _________
o Chronic excessive sleepiness (At least one month) o Prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleep o NOT due to lack of sleep or other sleep disorder o Not related to another mental or physical disorder |
Primary hypersomnia
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primary symptom of a nightmare
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have to wake up in the middle of the night
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Sleeping Disorder: Treatment for _______: Benzodiazepines, Ambien, Sonata, Melatonin
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Insomnia
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Sleeping Disorder: Treatment for _______ and ________: amphetamines (stimulant)
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Hypersomnia
narcolepsy |
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Sleeping Disorder: Treatment for ______: Antidepressants
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Cataplexy
|
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Excessive screaming and crying during sleep, never wake up
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Sleep Terror
Doesn't happen in REM sleep |
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Treatment for Sleep Terror
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schedule awakening
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Sleeping Disorders: Treatment for _____________: Weight loss, surgery, mechanical devices (CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Mask)
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Breathing-related disorders
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Treatment -- psychological
_________ Cleaning one’s behavior when it comes to sleep |
Sleep hygiene
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Treatment -- psychological
__________ Diaphragm, muscle relaxation, help go back to sleep |
Relaxation training
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Treatment -- psychological
__________ Ex. Using the bed only for sleep (no tv, being on phone, etc) Formation of association between bed and sleep |
Stimulus control
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Treatment -- psychological
___________ Correct irrational beliefs about sleep Paradoxical intention • “reverse psychology” |
Cognitive therapy
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Two fields of the pscychophysicologial model
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behavioral medicine
health pscychologyy |
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Responses to stress
Hans Selye- _______ three parts? |
General Adaptation Syndrome
alarm resistance exhaustion |
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______ _______: Overt manifestations of “pain”
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Pain Behaviors
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Kinds of Pain
_______: Often follows injury, disappears when injury heals or is treated |
Acute
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Kinds of Pain
______: Does not decrease over time, even after injury heals or is treated |
Chronic
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Medically unexplained fatigue for at least 6 months; lack of nerve strength
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Neurasthemia
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________: process of making patients aware of specific physiological functions and developing some control over those functions
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Biofeedback
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Biofeedback:
Relieve _______by reducing tension in muscles of head and scalp |
headaches
|
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__________ disorder
Persistent or recurrent feelings of recurrent feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body |
Depersonalization Disorder
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Sudden inability to recall personal information
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Sudden, unexpected travel with inability to recall past, and assumption of new identity
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Dissociative Fugue
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DID: The different personalities are called:
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alters
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Said cause of dissociative identity disorder
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a trauma that require coping skills
chronic and severe child abuse |
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DID: Amnesia
Alters are aware of each other |
Mutually cognizant
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DID: Amnesia
Don’t know that the alters exist |
Mutually amnesic
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DID: Amnesia
One alter is aware of the other alter, but the other alter is not aware of the other alter |
One-way amnesic
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What makes DID real? (2)
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observed to happen mostly in people who had traumatic abusive childhoods
physiological patterns |
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What makes DID not real? (3)
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remember false information
therapist's coercion intentionally fake |
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Main key feature of Somatoform Disorder:
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focus on physical heath problems
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Somatization disorder has possible link to ______
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Anti-social personality disorder
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Body dysmorphic disorder can be related to ______
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OCD
|
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Knowledge derived from behavioral science is applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
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Behavioral Medicine
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Study and apply psychological factors that are important to health promotion and maintenance
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Health Psychology
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Subfield of Behavioral Medicine
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Health Psychology
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o Medical conditions influenced by stress or other psychosocial factors
o Used to be called psychosomatic illness o Common Example: Stress-related ulcers |
Psychophysiological Disorders
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Any Life Event Requiring a Psychological or Physical adaptation.
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Stressor
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Effects Of Stressor On Organism
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Stress
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______ occurs When An Imbalance Is Perceived Between Demand And Ability To Meet Demand
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stress
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when stress lasts too long we enter the third step of General Adaptation Syndrome:
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exhaustion
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General Adaptation Syndrome: the response to immediate danger or threat:
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alarm
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General Adaptation Syndrome: With continuing stress, we seem to pass into a stage of ______, in which we mobilize various coping mechanisms to respond to the stress.
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resistance
|
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Psychosocial Factors in Specific Illnesses (2)
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AIDS
Cardiovascular disease |
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Behavior maintained/stopped by its consequences
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Operant Control of Pain Behaviors
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Pain behavior where reinforcement is more likely to happen is called:
|
Operant Control of Pain Behaviors
|
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Headache and Chronic Pain Syndromes
(4) |
o Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
o Fibromyalgia o Gastrointestinal Pain conditions o Migraine, Tension Headaches, etc. |
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What is the diagnoses of 4 or more symptoms:
• Subjective memory impairment • Sore throat • Tender lymph nodes • Muscle Pain • Joint Pain • Headache • Unrefreshing Sleep • Postexertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours |
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
|
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_________: process of making patients aware of specific physiological functions and developing some control over those functions
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Biofeedback
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These disorders involve alterations or detachments in consciousness or identity
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Dissociative disorders
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Dissociative disorders
Is likely a continuum of severity: ________: loss of your sense of yourself ________: loss of the sense of world |
Depersonalization
Derealization |
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Outside Observer of Self
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Depersonalization disorder
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____________: process requires a person to distinguish internal thoughts and feelings with external world
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Reality testing
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Sudden inability to recall personal information
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Dissociative Amnesia
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________ amnesia
Most common lose all memory of a certain period of time |
Localized
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(4) types of Dissociative Amnesia:
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Localized amnesia
Selective amnesia Generalized amnesia Continuous amnesia |
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_____ amnesia
Second most common Remember some details but not all of that certain period of time |
Selective
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______ amnesia
General loss of memory Sometimes can’t remember who you are |
Generalized
(2) types: Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia |
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_____ amnesia
You remember the past but you can’t form new memories |
Anterograde
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______ amnesia
Can’t remember anything before the event but can form new memories |
Retrograde
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______ amnesia
Can’t retain new memories Similar to anterograde amnesia |
Continuous
|
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Dissociative Fugue
Most do not involve new ______ |
identity
|
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Dissociative Trance Disorder
(2) types |
Trance
Possession trance |
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__________: Trance characterized by replacement of identity
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Possession Trance
|
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Zoning out to a very severe point with no awareness of your surroundings and disassociated with your behaviors
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Possession Trance
|
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Dissociative Amnesia, Fugue, & Trance
(2) Causes: |
severe psychological stress
mind protecting against the stress |
|
• Characteristic symptoms for what disorder?
o Severe headaches o Depression o Dizzy spells o Black outs o Hallucinations o Transitions triggered by heightened stress |
Dissociative Identity Disorder: aka Multiple personality disorder
|
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Use disassociation as a defense against extreme trauma
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“autohypnotic” Model Theory
|
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(2) Treatments for DID
|
Reintegration of personality
Exposure to early trauma |
|
DID
Psychotherapy to integrate the separate personalities is called: |
Reintegration of personality
|
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DID
Teaching coping skills by: |
Exposure to early trauma
|
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Somatization Disorder
• Involves extended history of physical complaints before the age of 30. o __ pain symptoms o __ gastrointestinal symptoms o 1 sexual symptom o 1 pseudoneurological symptom |
4
2 |
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______: Involves extended history of physical complaints before the age of 30
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Somatization Disorder
|
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Often seek and receive medical services from many physicians is associated with ________ disorder.
|
Somatization Disorder
|
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(2) causes of Somatization Disorder;
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o Often witness illness or injury in their families
o Possible genetic link and association to APD |
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Chronic panic for complete disregard for other: seeing others only as means to an end
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APD: Anti-social personality disorder
|
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Share a neurobiologically based disinhibition syndrome?
• Two systems that we have are biologically based: ____ and ____ |
BIS and BAS
|
|
___________:
constrain, restrain behaviors display behavior that look like anxiety |
BIS (behavioral inhibition system)
|
|
___________:
-approach behaviors (going for what we want) -Lack of this show more inappropriate behaviors |
BAS (Behavior activation system)
|
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Weak Behavioral Inhibition System that doesn’t control the Behavior Activation System
Leads to_______, manipulations, “get it now” |
aggression behaviors
|
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Majority with Somatization disorder are _____. While majority with APD are ____.
|
women
men |
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Essential feature is a preoccupation with, fear of, or belief that one has a serious disease
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Hypochondriasis
|
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Often comorbid with panic disorder
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Hypochondriasis
|
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Fear that something really bad is going to happen and blowing it out of proportion.
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Anxiety sensitivity
|
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Hypochondriasis:
• Cause Central to development of hypochondriasis is a _________. |
misinterpretation of body sensation.
|
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Hypochondriasis
Treatment: same treatment can be used as ________ disorder. |
Panic Disorder
which is: Exposure to belief/fear triggers Focus thought processes |
|
______:Refers to physical malfunctioning without organic pathology
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Conversion Disorder
|
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_________: weakness in the legs causing imbalance and falling down
|
Astasia-abasia
|
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______ disorder:
o La belle indifference, triggered by stressful event, can function normally Typically doesn’t show the level of stress when this happens |
Conversion Disorder
|
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_____ disorder: is doing it for gain
|
Malingering
|
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_____ disorder: in the access of gaining
|
Factitious
|
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_____gain: clearly benefiting from the physical problem
|
Primary
|
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______ gain: Benefits that are indirect
|
Secondary
|
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Conversion disorder:
Treatment Similar to treatment for _____disorder |
somatization
|
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Faking without any obvious motivation
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Factitious Disorder
|
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May be related to OCD
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
|
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Treatment: SSRI’s and/or Exposure & Response Prevention
|
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
|
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Four Types of Dissociative Amnesia
|
o Localized amnesia
o Selective amnesia o Generalized amnesia o Continuous amnesia |
|
characterized by anxiety or fear that one has a serious disease
|
hypochondriasis
|