Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Substance Abuse?
|
A pattern of abuse associated with interference in fulfilling obligations
Use of a drug in dangerous situations Legal difficulties connected with drug use |
|
What is Poly-Substance Abuse?
|
People with substance abuse disorders frequently abuse more than one drug
|
|
What is Substance Dependence?
|
Repeated use of a drug that often results in tolerance, withdrawal, or compulsive drug taking behavior
|
|
What is Addiction?
|
Older term used to describe problems such as alcoholism, now replaced by substance dependence
|
|
What are the 7 types of drugs of abuse?
|
1. Chemical substances
2. CNS depressants 3. CNS stimulants 4. Opiates 5. Cannabis 6. Hallucinogens 7. Solvents |
|
What are the 4 concepts associated with dependence?
|
1. Craving / Psychological Dependence
2. Diminished 3. Tolerance 4. Withdrawal |
|
What is Craving / Psychological Dependence?
|
people take the drug to control how they feel, to relieve negative mood states, to prepare for certain activites
|
|
What is Diminished Control?
|
Increasing dependence associated with abuse; person has less "freedom of choice" about using the drug
|
|
What is Tolerance?
|
Nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of any substance
Increased quantities needed to achieve the same effect |
|
What is Withdrawal?
|
Symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug; most severe for alcohol, opioids, and sedatives/hypnotic
|
|
How does the DSM-IV-TR define Substance Abuse?
|
- Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Recurrent substance-related problems - Continued use despite problems caused or exacerbated by the substance effects |
|
How does the DSM-IV-TR define Substance Dependence?
|
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal - Substance taken in larger amounts over longer intended period - Persistent desire, unsuccessful effort, to control use - Important activities are reduced, given up, due to use - Use is continued despite knowledge of problems caused/exacerbated by use |
|
What is type I Alcoholism?
|
- Later onset
- Prominent psychological dependence - Absence of antisocial personality traits |
|
What is type II Alcoholism?
|
- Almost exclusively found in men
- Earlier onset - Associated with persistent antisocial behaviors |
|
What are 3 types of alcoholism treatment?
|
1. Pharmaceuticals
2. Self-help groups 3. Cognitive-behavior therapy |
|
What is Naltrexone used for?
|
To decrease endogenous opioid system's response to alcohol
|
|
What is Acamptosate used for?
|
Appears to facilitate both decrease alcohol intake and abstinence
|
|
What are the 3 Cognitive-Behavior Therapies?
|
1. Coping Skills
2. Relapse Prevention 3. Short-term prevention |
|
What are the 6 symptoms of alcoholism?
|
1. Slurred speech
2. In-coordination 3. Unsteady gait 4. Nystagmus 5. Impaired attention/memory 6. Stupor or coma |
|
What are the consequences of prolonged alcohol abuse?
|
- Harm to fetus, if pregnant
- Blackouts - Legal problems - Health problems |
|
What are the ways of taking substances from least to most potent?
|
1. Oral
2. Nasal 3. Smoking 4. Non-IV injection 5. IV injection |
|
What does the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine effect?
|
- Enables muscle action
- Learning - Memory |
|
What does the neurotransmitter Dopamine effect?
|
- Movement
- Learning - Attention - Emoition |
|
What does the neurotransmitter Serotonin effect?
|
- Mood
- Hunger - Sleep - Arousal |
|
What does the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine effect?
|
- Control alertness
- Control arousal |
|
What kind of drug is Nicotine?
|
A stimulant
|
|
What are some of the short-term effects of Nicotine?
|
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Stimulates release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin - Binds to receptors for acetylcholine |
|
What are some consequences of prolonged Nicotine abuse?
|
- Tolerance/Withdrawal symptoms
- Psychologically, it is as difficult to withdraw from nicotine as heroin |
|
What kind of drug is Amphetamines and Cocaine?
|
A stimulant
|
|
What are some short-term effects of Amphetamines and Cocaine?
|
- Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
- Decrease in need for sleep - Euphoria, change in sociability, anxiety, anger impaired judgment - Tolerance build quickly |
|
What are some of the consequences of prolonged use and abuse of Amphetamines and Cocaine?
|
- Can lead to the onset of psychosis
- Withdrawal consistent of a depressed state |
|
What are short-term effects of Opiates?
|
- Dreamlike euphoria
- Brief, intense feeling of pleasure - Pain relief |
|
What are the consequences of prolonged use and abuse of Opiates?
|
- Chronic lethargy
- Increased likelihood of AIDS, violence, and suicide - Withdrawal symptoms begin withing 6-12 regular users discontinue use |
|
What are the 4 classes of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?
|
- Sedatives
- Hypnotics - Tranquilizers - Anxiolytics |
|
What are Sedatives?
|
Drugs that calm people down are reduce excitement
|
|
What are Hypnotics?
|
Sleep aids
|
|
What are Tranquilizers?
|
Used to decrease anxiety
|
|
What are Anxiolytics?
|
Drugs that reduce anxiety
|
|
What are the affects of Barbiturates?
|
seizure prevention and treatment of anxiety and sleep problems
|
|
What are the affects of Benzodiazepines?
|
Synthetic drugs used to treat anxiety and sleep problems
|
|
What are the short-term effects of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?
|
- State of intoxication similar to that associated with alcohol
- Can have a synergistic effect with alcohol |
|
What are the consequences of prolong use and abuse of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?
|
- When discontinued, can result in worsening or original anxiety symptoms
|
|
What is Marijuana?
|
Dried parts of Cannabis Sativa (hemp) plant
|
|
What are Cannabinoids?
|
Mood altering chemicals in Marijuana
|
|
What is THC
|
Tetrahydorcannabinoids
|
|
What are the short-term effects of Cnnabis?
|
- Sense of well-being and happiness
- Altered perceptions of the world - Some people become anxious and paranoid - Short-term memory interference |
|
What are the consequences of heavy, continued use and abuse of Cannabis?
|
- Deficits in attention, learning, and decision making
- Diminished motivation/apathy |
|
What are the 4 types of Hallucinogens?
|
- LSD
- Psilocybin (mushrooms) - Mescaline (peyote) - PCP (angel dust) |
|
What does LSD effect?
|
Blocks serotonin in the brain
|
|
What are the short-term effects of Hallucinogens?
|
- Vivid, powerful images which may change rapidly
- Can be frightening - PCP can be highly toxic, high doses may lead to comma |
|
What are the consequences of prolonged use/ and abuse of hallucinogens
|
- Occasionally, ingestion leads to persistent psychotic behavior and later flashbacks
- Don't demonstrate tolerance effects - Over time lose their effectiveness |
|
What are the 5 stages of change?
|
1. Preconetmplation
2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance |
|
What are the 8 major reasons for relapse?
|
- Negative emotional states
- Negative physiological states - Positive emotional states - Testing personal control - Urges and temptations - Interpersonal conflict - Social pressure - Positive emotional states/relationships |
|
What is Equifinality?
|
There can be many different paths to the same outcome
|
|
What are the 4 social influences of Drug Use?
|
1. Exposure to drugs
2. Decreased parental monitoring 3. Systems Theory 4. Cultural norms on substance use |
|
What is Systems Theory?
|
Interpersonal interactions can help maintain drug use in that drug use can "fit" a relationship
|
|
What are the 2 psychological influences of Drug Use?
|
1. Reinforcement
2. Cognitive factors |
|
What is Reinforcement?
|
Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior
|
|
What is the 1 biological influence of Drug Use?
|
1. Genetics
|
|
What are the 1 Neurobiological influence of Drug Use?
|
1. Drugs that affect dopamine pathway
|
|
What is the Agonist Substitution drug treatment?
|
Replace illicit drug with safer drug that is similar chemically
|
|
What is the Antagonist drug treatment?
|
Block or counteract the pleasurable effects of psychoactive drugs
|
|
What is the Aversive drug treatment?
|
Make taking the drug unpleasant
|
|
What are the 5 psychological treatments?
|
- Inpatient facilities
- Variations of AA - Contingency management (CM) - Community reinforcement approach (CRA) - Relapse prevention |