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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Does an acid release or combine with a hydrogen ion; same for a base? |
Acid- releases Base- combines |
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What would be the pH of a neutral solution? |
7 |
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What is the pH range for an acid? |
1-6 (1 very acidic) |
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What is the pH range for a base? |
8-14 (14 most basic) |
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What is another name for basic? |
Alkaline |
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What is the normal range for pH of the fluids of the body? |
Between 7.35 and 7.45 |
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List the 4 sources of hydrogen ions |
1. Aerobic respiration of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids 2. Anaerobic respiration of glucose 3. Formation of ketones 4. Breakdown of nucleic acids and proteins |
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Explain how the production of CO2 leads to the production of hydrogen ions |
Mito. produces CO2; CO2 combines with water to produce carbonic acid which is converted to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate |
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List the 2 major buffer systems |
Chemical and Physiological |
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What is the function of a buffer? |
To stabilize the pH of a solution |
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How would a buffer stabilize an acidic solution? |
Take up H+ when body fluids are becoming acidic |
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How would a buffer stabilize a basic solution? |
Give up H+ when body fluids are becoming basic (alkaline) |
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List the 3 parts of the chemical buffer system |
1. Bicarbonate buffer system 2. Phosphate buffer system 3. Protein buffer system |
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Show how bicarbonate buffer system would restore the normal pH under acidic conditions; same thing for basic |
Acidic- Hydrogen ions combine with bicarbonate thus reducing hydrogen ions in a solution Basic- Carbonic acid releases H+ and bicarbonate thus increasing H+ in solution |
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What are the 2 parts of the physiological buffer system? |
Respiratory and Renal (kidneys) |
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****Using the correct equation, show what would happen in the presence of an increase on hydrogen ions. What would happen to the rate of breathing? How would this effect the equation? Same for a decrease |
Increase: Increase in rate of breathing Decrease: Decrease in rate of breathing |
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How do kidneys regulate hydrogen ions? |
Buffers pH by increasing or decreasing excretion and reabsorption of H+ |
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A blood pH value below 7.35 is termed? |
Acidosis |
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A blood pH value above 7.45 is termed? |
Alkalosis |
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Define compensation |
When chemical and physiological buffers return pH back to normal |
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List the 2 types of compensation |
Respiratory and Renal |
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How does the respiratory system compensate a change in pH? |
Change in rate and depth of breathing |
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How do the kidneys compensate a change in pH? |
Change in H+ excretion and reabsorption & change in HCO3- excretion and reabsorption |
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Acid-Base problems are classified both by _____ and _____ |
Direction of the pH change and underlying problem |
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Define acidosis |
pH below 7.35, results from addition of acids or loss of HCO3-, causes abnormal rise in H+ in body fluids |
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Define alkalosis |
pH value above 7.45, results from loss of acids or accumulation of HCO3-, cause abnormal decrease in H+ |
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List underlying problems |
Respiratory disturbance and metabolic disturbance |
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Respiratory disturbance |
imbalance due to change in respiratory function |
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Metabolic disturbance |
imbalance is due to any other change besides respiratory function |
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List the 2 types of acidosis |
Respiratory and metabolic acidosis |
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Respiratory acidosis is due to what factor |
Increase in CO2 |
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List the causes of respiratory acidosis |
1. Brain injury resulting in a decrease in rate and depth of breathing 2. Obstruction of air ways which interferes with air movement 3. Diseases such as pneumonia or those that reduce surface area of the respiratory membrane; decrease gas exchange |
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Describe the respiratory compensation for respiratory acidosis |
Resp. comp. is usually not available since the cause is with the respiratory system |
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Describe the renal compensation for respiratory acidosis |
kidneys will excrete more H+ & syn. and reabsorb more HCO |
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Metabolic acidosis is due to what factors |
Due to increase in non-respiratory acids (H+) or loss of bases (HCO3) |
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List the causes for metabolic acidosis |
1. Kidney disease that causes decrease excretion of H+ 2. Severe diarrhea 3. Ketoacidosis due to diabetes mellitus |
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Describe the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis |
Increase in depth and rate of breathing, causes decrease in CO2, and causes decrease in H+ |
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Describe the renal compensation for metabolic acidosis |
kidneys will excrete more H+ and increase reabsorption of HCO3, cause decrease in H+, and renal compensation will not be available if the cause is the kidneys |
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Alkalosis results from what factors? |
Loss of acids or accumulation of HCO3 |
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List the 2 types of alkalosis |
1. Respiratory alkalosis 2. Metabolic alkalosis |
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Respiratory alkalosis is due to what factor? |
Decrease in CO2 |
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List the causes of respiratory alkalosis |
Severe anxiety and aspirin overdose |
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Describe the respiratory compensation for respiratory alkalosis |
Resp. comp. may not be available, decrease in rate and depth of breathing, causes an increase in CO2, and causes an increase in H+ |
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Describe the renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis |
Kidneys decrease excretion of H+ and decreased reabsorption with increased excretion of HCO3 |
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Metabolic alkalosis is due to what factors? |
Loss of non-respiratory acids or gain of HCO3 |
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List the causes for metabolic alkalosis |
Vomiting, consuming large amounts of antacids, and increased loss of acids by kidneys due to overuse of diuretics |
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Describe the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis |
Decrease in rate and depth of breathing, causes increase in CO2, and causes increase in H+ |
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Describe the renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis |
Kidneys decrease excretion of H+ & increased excretion with decreased reabsorption of HCO3 |
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Describe the time course of hydrogen regulation for the 3 buffer systems |
1. Chemical- can buffer strong acids and strong bases almost immediately 2. Respiratory- requires several minutes to begin 3. 1 to 3 days to regulate changes in H+ |