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80 Cards in this Set
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Signs and Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction
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Obstruction of coronary artery by clot or thrombus. Signs and symptoms or the same as Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Sudden onset of chest pain, often described as pressure and heaviness. Radiates to arm and/or jaw. Also likely to have shortness of air, diaphoresis, pale, mottled, cool skin, weakness, lightheaded, nausea, vomiting, and or impending feeling of doom. |
page 197
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Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction
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The acronym MONA is often used to remind us of treatment.
Morphine, Oxygen, Nitro, ASA. Not particular in order. Oxygen and ASA are the only two prehospital treatments to show improve survival rates. |
page 200
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Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
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Hypersensitivity response with hypotensive, dyspnea, wheezing, rales, rhonchi, anxiety, urticaria, and pruritus which can begin within mins up to 1 hour after exposure. Can cause distributive shock with peripheral vasodilation and relative hypovolemia.
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page 161
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Treatment of Anaphylaxis
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Remove allergen and reverse effects. ABCs, epinephrine, corticosteroids, and benadryl. Epi binds with Alpha and Beta receptors increasing BP, heart rate, and bronchodilation. Benadryl blocks H1 providing relief of symptoms.
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page 163
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Signs, Symptoms and Treatment of Angina Pectoris
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Chest pain 2nd to inadequate blood supply from a narrowed coronary artery blockage. Stable angina comes and goes with exercise or stress, and only last 3 to 5 mins, possibly up to 15 mins. Relieved by rest or nitro. Unstable lasts longer than usual, often occurs at rest, and may be caused by coronary spasms. May lead to AMI.
Treatment is same as AMI, CAS, in prehospital with MONA. |
page 195-196
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Signs and Symptoms of Appendicitis
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Pain localized to right lower quadrant or right lower back. Pain classically begins in the periumbilical region than becomes more localized to RLQ and worse. Positive psoas sign or stratching increases pain. Other signs are fever, nausea, and vomiting.
Treatment prehospital includes pain control and antimetics. |
page 269
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Signs, Symptoms and Treatment of Asthma
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Dyspnea, wheezing or absent lung sounds, chest tightness, cough, signs URI such as rhinorrhea, congestion, headache, pharyngitis, and myalgia.
Treatment include inhaled Beta agonist such as Albuterol or Xopenex, subQ epi, and corticosteroids. Mag Sulfate has been shown to control severe exacerbations of asthma given very slowly causing relax smooth bronchial muscles. |
page 121-122
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Bowel Obstruction
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Crampy abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, inability to pass flatus, distended abdomen, absent or high-pitched bowed sounds. No specific treatment for bowel obstruction prehospital.
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page 274
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Signs and Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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Depends on concentration and duration of exposure. Typical signs and symptoms are fatigue, headache, myalgia, nausea, voming, shortness of air, syncopal, ataxia, seizures, alter level of consciousness, coma, death. Cherry red skin is a late sign, pallor is more common.
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page 376
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Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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Most important is immediate removal of patient from environment. High-flow oxygen along with standard treatment. The higer FIO2 decreases the half life of carbon monoxide. Pt may be hypotensive, give fluid bolus via IV.
They will require hyperbaric oxygen chamber depending on severity. |
page 376-378
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Signs and Symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade
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When fluid accumulates inside the layered pericardial sac arround the heart. This causes compression forces around the heart and restricts heart cause obstructive shock. Can be caused by trauma or medical condition.
Signs and Symptoms are remember with Beck's Triad: Low BP 2nd to low cardiac output, JVD, and muffled heart tones. Often have chest pain and dyspnea, possibly with a cough. Along with signs of shock. |
page 193
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Treatment of Cardiac Tamponade
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Prehospital includes basic management, follow chest pain protocol, but hold anything that would lower BP. Fluid bolus can buy time.
They willl need a pericardiocentesis to remove fluid. |
page 194
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Signs and Symptoms of Chicken Pox(varicella)
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Fever, malaise, anorexia and headache. The patient will develop a rash or itchy blisters. Treatment is standard. Pt may have antiviral, corticosteroids, and antihistamines PRN.
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page 306
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Signs and Symptoms of COPD
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Chronic bronchitis or loss of alveolar surface area associated with emphysema.
Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing to absent lung sounds, cough possibly productive, intolerance of exertion, and chest discomfort. Cigarette smoking is primary cause of COPD. Same treatment as Asthma. Consider CPAP as needed. |
page 122-123
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Clostridium Difficile
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Otherwise know as C-Diff is a direct result of antibiotic therapy, which suppresses the normal flora in the GI tract allowing C diff to predominate.
Treatment is to stop unnecessary antibiotic treatment. May need Flagyl or Vancocin for 10 days. |
page 324-325
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Signs and Symptoms of Cocaine Overdose
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Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hyper or hypotensive, tachy or hyperpnea, MI, pallor or cyanosis, hyperexcitability and anxiety, headache, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, N/V/D, dilated but reactive pupils, confusion, delirium, halluncinations, seizures, coma, death.
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page 353
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Treatment of Cocaine Overdose
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Swab nose to remove residual if cocaine was snorted. Standard treatment. Be ready for erratic or violent behavior. Higher risk for cardiac ishemia and hypothermia.
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page 370
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Signs and Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning
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Anxiety, bradycardia followed by tachycardia, hypertension followed by hypotension, dysrhythmias, bitter almond odor to breath, cherry red mucus membranes, nausea, dyspnea, headache, dizziness, dilated pupils, confusion, seizure, coma, death.
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Page 353
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Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning
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Supportive care for anxiety, hyperventilation.
Antidotes for more severe including Amyl nitrite IV, Sodium nitrite IV, & Sodium thiosulfate IV. May need gastric lavage and/or hyperbaric oxygen. |
Page 353
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Signs and Symptoms of Deep Frostbite
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Superficial frostbite includes numbness, paresthesia, poor fine motor control, pruritus (itching), and edema. With deep frostbite includes hemorrhagic blisters, diminished range of motion, mottled gray area, hard or immobile tissue.
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Page 239
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Treatment of Deep Frostbite
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Primarily supportive, along with protecting extremity. Do not allow pt to use extremity, example walk on it. Remove jewelry and wet clothing. Cover with blanket. Rapid rewarming is not recommended prehospital because of the risk of refreezing.
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Page 239
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Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Insulin deficiency and excessive glucagon levels combine to create hyperglycemia, acidotic, volume depleted state. Pt is very dehydrated, polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria. Signs of shock-like tachycardia, tachypnea, shallow breathing, and orthostatic changes.
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fruity breath odor, fatigue/weakness, altered LOC, seizure, coma, death. |
Page 227
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Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Mostly supportive care prehospital. They need insulin therapy to definitively treat. Pt does usually require 3 to 6 liters of fluid during initial resuscitation so 2 large bore IVs is recommended for severe cases.
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Page 227-228
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy
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Implantation of fertilized icing egg outside of the uterus. Vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal pain, may put pt into shock.
Prehospital treatment is supportive, may require surgical intervention. |
Page 227
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Encephalitis
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Encephalitis is general inflammation of the brain that causes focal or diffuse brain dysfunction. Signs and syptoms are similar to meningitis including fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, headache, and stiff neck. Key findings are alteration in brain function including disorientation, behavior change, motor or sensory deficits.
Treatment is standard, antivirals are usually given at the ER. ICP may be treated with diuresis, mannitol, and/or steroids. |
Page 75-76
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Epidural Hematoma
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Accumulation of blood between the inner table of the skull and the dura matter, the outer most meninges. Usually caused by trauma.
Head trauma, headache, nausea, vomiting, unilateral dilated pupil fixed or slow to react to light, dizziness, weakness, alter LOC. Treatment standard with emphasis on spinal immobilization and not increasing ICP. |
Page 71-72
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Epiglottitis
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Infection causing inflammation of the epiglottis and supraglottic region.
Begins with sore throat processing to pain with swallowing and muffled voice. Difficulty bleeding, fever, drooling, and stridor. Treatment should be supportive. Intubation is likely to be difficult so it should be last resort. Usually positive pressure ventilation is successful. Pt will need antibiotics. |
Page 116-117
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Bleed
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Signs of shock, loss of blood, syncopal, tachycardia, hypotension, weakness, confusion, with or without abdominal pain.
Treatment supportive prehospital. |
page 265
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of H1N1 Influenza
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Flu symptoms sudden onset fever, chills, weak, and body aches. H1N1 symptoms include diarrhea. Pts can worsen with respiratory distress, chest pain, alter LOC, etc.
Prehospital treatment is supportive. Pt may receive antiviral drug therapy. |
Page 310-311
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Hyperosmotic Hyperglycemic Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
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High blood sugar causing dehydration and decline mental status, often progressing to a coma. Other signs and symptoms are fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, and hypotension.
Treatment is standard with emphasis on fluid bolus for dehydration. |
Page 228-229
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Hypoglycemia
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Low blood glucose. Diaphoresis, alter LOC, tremors, tachycardia, pale, cold, clammy skin. If not treated leads to seizures and alter LOC.
Treatment is oral glucose or dextrose IV. Glucagon IM if no IV. |
Page 225-226
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Malaria
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A mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals. Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria, retinal damage, and convulsions. The classic symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours.
Prehospital treatment is supportive pt will need drug therapy for a full recovery. |
wikipedia
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Meningitis
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Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord. The CSF will show signs of infection. Can be caused by infectious and non-infectious disease but common life threat is bacterial infection. CSF lacks white blood cells or antibodies so infection goes uncontrolled.
Classic symptoms include headache, nuchal rigidity, fever and chills, and photophobia. Can also cause seizures, alter LOC, coma, and death. Treatment is standard ABC, oxygen, IV, EKG, etc. IV antibiotics and steroids will be given at hospital once diagnosis is definitive. |
page 73-75
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Signs and Symptoms of Mild and Moderate Hypothermia
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Mild hypothermia includes shiver vigorously along with dizziness, lethargy, nausea, and weakness. May also include hyperventilation and tachycardia.
With moderate hypothermia clinical signs of deterioration become apparent with bradypnea and bradycardia, alter LOC, and diuresis. |
page 239
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Treatment of Mild and Moderate Hypothermia
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Most cases will resolve with passive rewarming (warm environment, out of wet clothing, etc). Warm fluid hydration is ok but avoid caffine beverages due to their diuretic effects.
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Page 241
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Signs and Symptoms of Severe Hypothermia
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Alter LOC, bradypnea, bradycardia, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmias with J wave present. Usually unconscious with dilated to minimally responsive pupils. Pt is very susceptible to V-Fib and cardiac arrest.
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Page 239
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Treatment of Severe Hypothermia
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Stabilize ABCs. With palpable pulse avoid abrupt movement and gently move patient. Without a pulse emphasis is on compressions as meds and defibrillation will have limited effects at this temp.
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page 241
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Signs and Symptoms of Mononeucleosis
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Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands, especially in the neck.
Mononucleosis, or mono, is often spread by saliva and close contact. It is known as "the kissing disease," and occurs most often in those age 15 to 17. However, the infection may develop at any age. Mono is usually linked to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but can also be caused by other organisms such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). Mono may begin slowly with fatigue, a general ill feeling, headache, and sore throat. The sore throat slowly gets worse. Your tonsils become swollen and develop a whitish-yellow covering. The lymph nodes in the neck are frequently swollen and painful. A pink, measles-like rash can occur and is more likely if you take the medicines ampicillin or amoxicillin for a throat infection. (Antibiotics should NOT be given without a positive Strep test.) Symptoms of mononucleosis include: Drowsiness Fever General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling Loss of appetite Muscle aches or stiffness Rash Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck and armpit Swollen spleen |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001617/
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Pancreatitis
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An inflammatory process in which premature activation of pancreatic enzymes causes the pancreas to begin to digest itself, resulting in pain and necrosis as inflammation spread. Typical signs and symptoms are constant midepigastric pain radiates to the back. Generally not exacerbated by eating. Cullen's sign, a blue discoloration around umbilicus, and Grey Turner sign, a blue discoloration around the flanks, may be present. May also have fever, nausea, and vomiting. Can lead to shock.
Treatment is mainly supportive prehospital with pain control. |
Page 268-269
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Pneumonia
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Lung infection causing fluid to collect in the alveoli.
Can cause, fever, chills, cough (often productive), malaise, nausea vomiting, chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and abnormal breath sounds inculding rales, rhochi, and even wheeze. Treatment is mainly supportive with oxygen at rate needed. Severe dyspnea consider CPAP to alleviate need for intubatio. Patient may need hydration and will need antibiotics at ED. |
page 124-125
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Signs and Symptoms of Pneumothorax/Tension Pneumothorax
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Gas in the pleural cavity which is usually filled with a small amount of fluid which lubricated the pleura to minimize friction. Can be spontaneously or by trauma IE positive pressure ventilation.
Causes tachypnea, tachycardia, pulsus paradoxus (weak or no pulse during inspiration), decreased or absent breath sounds especially unilateral, hypoxia, cyanosis, JVD, and alter LOC. |
Page 126-127
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Treatment of Pneumothorax/Tension Pneumothorax
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Supportive if patient is stable.
Thoracostomy (Thoracentesis) if unstable. 2nd intercostal space above the third rib of affected side. Needle should be at least 2 inches long. |
Page 128-129
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Treatment of Seizure
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Place padding and remove hazards. Oxygen especially during seizure if possible as pt breathing stops or is ineffective during seizure, providing ventilaiton.
During postictal state, supportive care is the best treatment. They may be hostile, be patient. Start IV and give benzodiazepines per protocol. Pay special attention to EKG initially because V-Tach can mimic seizure like activity. |
page 78
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Sepsis
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Massive systemic inflammatory response to infection.
Two are more must be present for diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Temp above 100F (38C) or below 97F (36C) heart rate above 90bpm resp rate above 20 or PaCO2 less than 32 High White Blood count Septic shock also include hypotension with tachycardia. IV bolus PRN to increase BP & decrease heart rate hospital tx include blood work and abx |
page 159-161
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Signs and Symptoms of Stroke
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Presentation can differ drastically base on area of brain effected.
Key findings are unilateral facial droop, unilateral weakness, speech disturbances, lack of balance/vertigo, and altered mental status. |
page 64
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Treatment of Stroke
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Transport to a Stroke Center. Fibrinolytic agents can be given within 3 hours(some stroke centers use up to 4 and half hours) of last time patient know to be normal.
Best position is supine with head slightly elevated if ischemic stroke is suspected. Do not over heat patient as hyperthermia accelerates ischemic brain injury. Seizure meds and ASA may be used per medical control. |
page 65
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Tuberculosis
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Bacterium infecting lungs causing persistent cough for 2 or 3 weeks, night sweats, headache, weight loss, hemoptysis, and chest pain.
TB infection means exposure to TB. TB disease means they have TB. Use droplet precaution, oxygen PRN, pt will need antimycobacterial drugs. |
Page 311-312
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Identitfy the complications of meningitis
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Pt may have seizures, treat per protocol. Be ready to and control airway with alter LOC.
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page 74
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Identify the etiologies and classifications of obstructive shock
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Cardiac tamponade, PE, tension pneumo.
Cardinal sign decrease BP, SOA, tachycardia, tachypnea, JVD, decreased breath sounds, muffled heart tones. Supportive tx, needle decompression for pneumo. |
page 158
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Identify the etiologies and classifications of distributive shock
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Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, Septic, Toxins
they have different cardinal signs, tx cause. |
notes
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Describe the stages of shock
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Compensatory-normal BP, slight tachycardia, tachypnea, decrease cap refill, cool hands and feet, pale mucus membrane, restless anxiety.
Decompensated-BP decrease, tachycardia above 120bpm, tachypnea 30 to 40 bpm. Cool, clammy skin, pale dynastic mucous membrane, weakness, metabolic acidosis, decrease pulses. Irreversible-profound hypotension, lactate above 8. |
page 156
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Compare and contrast the signs and symptoms and treatment for hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia (DKA) and HHNS
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DKA commonly causes altered LOC, metabolic acidosis, cause Kussmaul's tachypnea.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is similar has less profound altered LOC. |
Page 229
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Define and give examples of various types of abdominal pain
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Visceral-hollow organs are stretch, deep persistent ache, cramping, burning. Difficult to locate.
Somatic-irritation of nerve fibers, deep tissues. Easier to pinpoint. Tender to application, guarding, rebound tenderness. |
page 253
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Identify the components of AMLS pathways it relates to patient assessment
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The success of the AMLS pathway depends on taking an efficient, comprehensive history and obtaining and correctly interpreting information from the physical examination and diagnostic assessments. Together with the patient's history, physical exam, risk factors, cardinal presentation suggest a possible diagnosis.
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page 3
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Discuss the importance of the AMLS Pathway and identifying and managing life threats
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The cardinal presentation must be identified and the primary survey performed initially so that any life-threatening medical emergencies can be identified and managed without delay.
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page 4
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Discuss the importance of the medical history as it relates to AMLS Pathway
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Part of a thorough assessment and often done before secondary exam. This helps get the whole picture. With the history and can determine risk factors and work for a working diagnosis.
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page 21
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Define the most common means of prevention and transmission of infection diseases
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Standard Precautions, which are to be used on all patients.
-Hand hygiene -PPE -Sharps and disposal practices -Cleaning |
page 10
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Identify communication barriers that affect obtaining thorough medical history
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Communication barriers include cultural differences, hearing impairment, and safety concerns. Experience and patience is the key to over coming the communication barriers.
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page 5-7
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Identify the signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis
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Watery diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, mild abdominal pain, low grade fever. Easily transmissible. Antimetics, IV fluid.
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Identify the signs/symptoms and treatment of salicylate poisoning
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Common med is ASA.
Early signs and symptoms gastric irritation and pain, may develop metabolic acidosis. Supportive care, consider fluids, bicarb, and airway management. |
page 359
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Describe the components of the Cushing's Triad
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Systolic HTN, bradycardia, irregular respirations.
Triad means increased ICP. |
page 71
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SMASHED
Acute Mental Status Changes |
Substrates, Meningitis/Mental Ilness, Alcohol, Seizure/Stimulants, Hypo/Hyper, Electrolytes/Encephalopathy, Drugs
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page 61
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AEIOU-TIPS
Decreased LOC |
Alcohol/Anaphylaxis/Acute MI, Epilepsy/Endocrine Abnormality/Electrolytes, Insulin, Opiates, Uremia, Trauma, Intracranial/Infection, Poisoning, Seizure
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page 61
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SNOT
Initial Assessment of AMS |
S- Sugar, Stroke, Seizure
N- Narcosis (CO2, Opiates) O- Oxygen T- Trauma, Toxins, Temp |
page 62
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Common Migraine Triggers
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Stress, Illness, Physical activity, Changes in sleep patterns, High altitude or barometric changes, Skipping meals, Meds, Caffeine, Alcohol, Bright lights, Loud noises, Unpleasant odors
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page 80
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Indicators of imminent respiratory failure
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RR >30 or <6
O2 less than 90 Multiple accessory muscle groups Inability to lie supine HR >140 AMS Inability to clear own airway secretions Cyanosis of nail beds, lips |
page 98
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Pulmonary Hx Assessment
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Fever, chills, ankle edema, calf swelling or tenderness, back pain, chest pain, ab pain, vomiting, orthopnea, cough, dyspnea on exertion, history of COPD or asthma, blood in sputum, prior respiratory admissions, hx of smoking, prior intubations, home O2 or neb
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page 102
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Criteria to Establish Ventilation
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PaO2 <55 mm Hg
PaCO2 > 50 pH< 7.32 |
page 108
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DOPE
Acute deterioration of intubated patient |
Displacement, Obstruction, Pneumothorax, Equipment failure
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page 127
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Kussmaul's Respiration
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Hypertachypneic, hyperpneic respiration that points towards metabolic acidosis, particularly DKA.
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Page 138
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Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
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Apnea alternating with tachypnea in crescendo-decrescendo sequence, suggesting injury to resp. center of brainstem
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Page 138
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Biot's Respiration
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Characterized by groups of quick, shallow resps followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea. May be caused by opiod overdose or injury to medulla oblongata.
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Page 138
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Apneustic Respiration
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Deep, gasping breaths with pause at full inspiration, followed by incomplete release suggests injury to or infection of pons or upper medula. Or ketamine sedation.
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Page 138
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Ataxic Respiration
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Disorganized pattern and depth, often progresses to apnea. Damage to medulla oblongata.
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Page 138
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Vasoconstricting Medications
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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Phenylephrine, Vasopressin
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Page 172
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Inotropic Medications
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Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, Isoproterenol, Norepinephrine
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Page 172
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Most Common S&S of PE
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Tachypnea, Shortness of Breath, Chest Pain, Cough, Hemoptysis
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Page 185
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SLUDGE BBM
Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning |
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI Distress, Emesis, Bradycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Miosis
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page 382
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DUMBBELS
Muscarinic Effects of Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning |
Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bradycardia, Bronchorrhea, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation
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page 382
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MTWThF
Nicotinic Effects of Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning |
Muscle weakness/paralysis, Tachycardia, Weakness, Hypertension, Fasciculations
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Page 382
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