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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Integumentary system
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the skin and its appendages, which include accessory structures such as the hair, nails, and skin glands.
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skin
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anatomically simple, but functionally important, sheet-like structures called membranes. It is considered an organ.
1. provides protection 2. sense organ activity 3. temperature regulation |
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two major categories of body membranes:
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1. Epithelial membrane
a. cutaneous b. mucus c. serous 2. Connective tissue membrane, or synovial DOES NOT CONTAIN EPITHELIAL COMPONENTS. |
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cutaneous (skin) membrane
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primary organ of the integumentary system, the skin. it is thick, relatively waterproof, and dry.
1. stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) 2. underlying connective tissues (dermis) |
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serous (membrane)
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* a two-layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities
* covers the surfaces of of closed body cavities and organs. * secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when the organs rub against each other or the cavities that contain them * ie. thorack cavity - pleura; abdominal cavity - peritoneum composed of: 1. parietal layer - lines the walls of body cavities, much like wallpaper. 2. visceral layer - covers the surfaces of organs found in body cavities. |
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mucous (membrane)
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epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secretes a thick, slippery material called mucus. ie. membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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synovial
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connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints (bursae) and secretes synovial fluid. DOES NOT CONTAIN EPITHELIAL COMPONENTS.
synovial fluid- thick colorless lubricating fluid |
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Epithelial membrane
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composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue,
1. cutaneous membrane (skin) 2. serous membrane- only on surfaces with closed cavities a. epithelial sheet - thin layer of simple squamous b. basement membrane - holds and support the epithelial cells 3. mucous membrane to identify the areas of the body that each serves. |
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Connective tissue membrane (synovial)
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connective tissue membrane - it is found lining the spaces between joints and bones (joint cavities). ie. elbows, shoulders and knees.
* does not contain any epithelium (no layers) * lines cavities that do not lead to the outside * secretes a fluid (synovial fluid) to prevent friction. |
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epidermis
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The outer layer of skin. protects the body from invading microorganisms
1. consists of tightly packed epithelial cells 2. new layers are formed approximately each month 3. has no blood supply of its own, oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the dermal blood vessels into the epidermis. two main layers: a. stratum germinativum b. stratum corneum ie. hair shaft |
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dermis
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the underlying connective tissue layer of skin. contains the majority of the skin appendages.
1. considered the true skin 2. mostly connective tissue, thicker than epidermis 3. Nerves and capillaries of the skin emerge from this area ie. hair follicle and dermal papilla |
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bursae
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small cushion-like sacs that are found between moving body parts
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appendages
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attachments
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subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissue
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A thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat
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Hair
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1. shaft - visible part of the hair - epidermis
2. hair papilla - caps shaped cluster of cells from from which hair emerges in the follicle (begins growing) - dermis 3. follicle - large hair bulb, growth of the epidermal cells into the dermis forming a small tube - dermis 4. hair root -part of the hair hidden in the follicle |
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Nails
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*considered an accessory organ of the skin
*produced by cells in the epidermis Parts (top down) 1. Free edge 2. Nail body 3. Lunula 4. Cuticle 5. Nail root *nail bed - thin layer of epidermis under the nail |
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Exocrine glands associated with skin
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1. Sebaceous - secrete oil, found in all areas that have hair. creates "blackheads"
2. Sudoriferous -sweat glands a. Eccrine gland b. Apocrine gland |
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sebum
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lubricates and helps waterproof the hair and skin and inhibits the growth of bacterial on the surface of the skin.
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eccrine gland
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* most numerous, and most important sweat gland
*sweat gland that assists in the elimination of waste products and are distributed throughout the body. |
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Meissner's corpuscle
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close to the skin surface and detects sensation of light touch
*located in the dermis |
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arrector pili
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the tiny smooth muscle that is attached to the papilla and follicle.
*"goose bumps" when cold or frightened |
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Apocrine Gland
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sweat gland primarily in the armpits and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals.
*thick, milky secretion and has an odor. bathing and deodorants eliminate the odor. |
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Skin Functions
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1. Protection - protects internal structures and organs from sun, cuts, chemicals and microorganisms
2. Temperature regulation - sweating releases heat and regulates blood flow close to the surface 3. Sense organ activity - nerve receptors serve as receivers for the body to communicate changes in the environment for protection and pleasure. |
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habits for healthy skin
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1. good nutrition
2. cleanliness 3. avoid exposure to UV rays |
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lesion
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any measurable variation from the normal structure of a tissue.
*are not always indicative of a disease disorder. ie. freckle. |
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Burn Depth Classification (severity)
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is based upon the layer or layers of tissue involved.
1. First-degree burns cause minimal damage to the epidermis. (sunburn) 2. Second-degree burns descend into the dermis and may cause scarring. (vesicle) 3. Third-degree burns destroy both epidermis and dermis and extend down into the subcutaneous tissue; these can be very serious. If these burns are too severe or cover a large area of the body, death may occur. 4. Fourth-degree burns are full thickness burns that extend below the subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle or bone. Treatment may require extensive skin grafting, and even amputation of limbs. |
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Burn Determination factors
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1. depth and number of tissue layers involved
2. total body surface area affected 3. type of homeostatic mechanism, such as respiratory or blood pressure control and fluid and electrolyte balance, that are damaged or destroyed. |
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"rule of nines"
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*used to determine the body surface area that has been burned.
*the body is divided into 11 area's of 9% each, 1% to genitals. 9% head 9% each arm - 4.5% each side 18% each leg - 9% each side 18% each side of the trunk 1% genitals |
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skin susceptible to:
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1. viruses
2. bacteria 3. fungi 4. parasites |
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dermatosis
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Any disorder of the skin
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dermatitis
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Skin disorders that involve inflammation of the skin
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Vascular dermatitis
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hives or pressure sores, and inflammatory conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis
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skin infections
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1. impetigo
2. Tinea 3. Warts 4. Boils 5. Scabies |
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Vascular disorders
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1. Decubitus Ulcer
2. Scleroderma 3. Uticaria |
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Inflammatory disorders
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1. Psoriasis
2. Contact dermatitis 3. eczema 4. hives (urticaria) 5. pressure sores (decubitus ulcers or bed sores) |
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decubitus ulcers (bed sores)
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pressure sores from lying in one position for extended periods.
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skin cancer (most common types)
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1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma 3. Malignant melanoma |
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Warning signs of Malignant Melanoma
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identified with the ABCD rules of examination:
1. Asymmetry (asymmetrical) 2. Border (irregular) 3. Color (unevenly colored) 4. Diameter (larger than ¼ inch) |
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Kaposi sarcoma
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rarer type of skin cancer. has increased in parts of the world where there is a significant number of reported AIDS cases.
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pleurisy
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very painful pathological condition characterized by inflammation of the serious membrane (pleura) that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs. pain is caused by irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the chest cavity.
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity.
*sometimes a complication of an infected appendix |
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mucocutaneous junction
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the area that serves as a point of "fusion" where skin and mucous membranes meet.
ie. eyelids, nasal openings, vulva, and anus |
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Sebaceous gland
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secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
*located in the dermis |
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stratum germinativum (pigment layer)
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inner-most layer (deepest) of the epithelial cells of the epidermis. cells undergo mitosis and reproduce themselves.
* lets the skin repair itself if injured. * produces the pigment melanin that gives color to the skin. * pigment = paint |
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strata
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layers of cells
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keratin
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a tough, waterproof material that provides cells in the outer layer of the skin with horny, abrasion-resistant, and protective quality. Keratin cells are continually pushed to the surface.
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stratum corneum
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the tough outer layer of the epidermis.
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melanocytes
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pigment producing cells in the stratum germinativum or pigment layer.
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cyanosis
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when blood oxygen levels decrease or if actual blood flow is reduced dramatically, the skin turns a bluish gray color
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vitiliago
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a condition characterized by patch looking areas of light skin resulting from the acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes.
*vitiligo = calf *apparently genetic |
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albinism
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characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment in the skin and eyes.
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freckle
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small flat macules that most often occur as a genetic trait in light-skinned individuals. usually confined to the face, arms and back.
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blister
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* small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection
* forms at the junction of the dermis and epidermis |
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dermal-epidermal junction
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the junction that exists between the thin epidermial layer of the skin above and the dermal layer below
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dermal papillae
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upper region of the dermis that is characterized by parallel rows of peg-like projections
*helps bind skin layers together *has ridges and grooves *helpful in fingerprinting |
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Friction ridge
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present on the skin of the fingers and toes, and on the palms and soles of the feet, which make contact with an incident surface under normal touch.
* help us to walk upright without slipping * to help make and hold tools * used for fingerprinting |
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striae (stretch marks)
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skin is stretched beyond the ability of the elastic and connective tissue elements in the dermis to rebound.
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strawberry hemangioma
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a collection of dilated vessels that may initially appear as a bruise at birth and then grow rapidly during the first year into a bright red mass
* most will shrink, fade, and disappear without treatment by age 7 |
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port-wine stain
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* pigmented vascular birthmark
* permanent and do not fade with age * can be slightly minimized with laser therapy |
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stork bite
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dilation of dermal capillaries at the nape of the neck in a baby that occur during development
* birthmark * present in 50% to 70% of newborns * often persist for life * generally covered by hair and are inconspicuous |
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lanugo
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* lanugo = down
* fine and soft hair of a newborn * present over most of the body in premature infants |
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alopecia
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hair loss of any kind
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alopecia areata
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sudden loss of hair in a round or oval patch on the scalp
*sometimes associated with endocrine or metabolic disease |
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alopecia totalis
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most often in young people a total loss of scalp hair
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lamellar (pacini) corpuscle
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detects pressure deep in the dermis
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2 skin receptors
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1. lamellar (pacini) corpuscle
2. tactile (Meissner) corpuscle |
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onycholysis
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loosening of the nail from the nail bed with a resulting separation that starts at the distal or free edge of the affected nail.
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pore
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pinpoint-size opening on the skin
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acne vulgaris
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* most common form of acne
* occurs most frequently in adolescence (10- 19) * caused by oversecretion of sebum results in blocked sebaceous gland |
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papules
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inflamed lesions from acne vulgaris (zits)
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pustules
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pus-filled pimples
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extractor
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surgical instrument to remove blackhead and whiteheads
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skin grafts
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transplantation of skin
*usually for burns, disease or trauma |
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impetigo
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highly contagious bacterial skin infection most common among pre-school children.
* starts as a reddish discoloration (erythema), then develops into vesicles and yellowish crusts * caused by staphyloccal or streptococcal infections |
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Tinea
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* any of a variety of skin mycoses
* occassionaly fissures or cracks develop in creases in the epidermis ie. Ringworm, jock itch and athletes foot |
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warts
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caused by papilloma virus
benign neoplasm of the skin can transform and become malignant |
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boil
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* also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle
* caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus |
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scabies
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* contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei
* transmitted during skin to skin contact |
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carbuncles
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a group of untreated boils may fuse into even larger pus-filled lesion
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excoriation
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secondary bacterial infection from scabies. results from scratching the itchy infested areas.
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urticaria (hives)
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characterized by raised red lesions called wheals. associated with severe itching.
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scleroderma
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*a chronic systemic autoimmune disease affecting blood vessels and connective tissues of the skin. *characterized by fibrosis (or hardening -"sclero"),
*hard skin |
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psoriasis
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an immune-mediated disease that affects the skin. It is typically a lifelong condition. There is currently no cure, but various treatments can help to control the symptoms.
*characterized by silvery white, scale-like plaques that remain fixed on the skin for months. *excessive rate of epithelial growth |
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eczema
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*most common inflammatory condition of the skin
*inflammation accompanied by papules, vesicles, and crusts. *not a disease rather a sign or symptom of an underlying condition. ie. contact dermatitis |
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squamous cell carcinoma
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*most common type of skin cancer
*slow-growing, malignant tumor of the epidermis *will metastasize if not treated |
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basal cell carcinoma
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* usually occurs on the upper face
* less likely to metastasiz |
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melanoma
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* most serious form of skin cancer
* can develop from a pigmented nevus (mole) * untreated causes death in 1 in 4 patients |
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free nerve endings
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respond to pain and changes in temperature
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Melanin
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natural pigment found in the skin. prevents the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating the interior of the body
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melanocytes
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* gives the skin color
* found in the epidermal layer |
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Elevated Skin Leisons
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1. Papule - firm raised lesion < 1 cm. - wart
2. Plaque - lg raised lesion >1 cm- caused by friction 3. Vesicle - thin walled blister filled with fluid < 1 cm. - blister or non-genital herpes 4. Pustule - elevated lesion filled with pus - acne 5. Buila -thin-walled blister > 1 cm blister 6. crust - scab; area with dried blood or exudate -scab 7. Wheal (hive) - firm, raised area of irregular shape with a light center - drug sensitive hives |
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Flat Lesions
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1. Macule - Area distinguished from surrounding skin by color < 1 cm. - freckle
2. Patch - Macules > 1 cm. - Vitiligo |
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Depressed Lesions
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1. Excoriation - area in which epidermis is missing, exposing the dermis - scratch
2. Atrophy - skin level depressed, showing loss of tissue - striae (bands or stripes) - stretch marks 3. Ulcer - crater-like lesion caused by disintegration of skin - bedsore 4. Fissure - liner crack or break from epidermis to dermis - athletes foot. |