Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tendons, made of fibrous connective tissue, merge with the ________ that covers the muscle and with the ________
|
fascia
Periosteum (the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers bones) |
|
What is the more immobile attachment called?
What is the movable attachment called? |
Origin
Insertion |
|
What is an antagonist muscle?
|
Muscle with opposing or opposite functions
(biceps, and triceps) |
|
What is a synergistic muscle?
|
muscles with the same function
(biceps brachii, brachialis) |
|
The nerve impulses for movement (contraction of skeletal muscle) comes from where?
|
the frontal lobes of the cerebrum
|
|
what is it when antagonistic muscles on front and back of the thigh or lower leg alternate contractions and relaxation to make steps smooth and efficient?
|
coordination
|
|
What part of the brain coordinates voluntary movement?
|
Cerebellum
|
|
A muscle in a state of slight contraction is called?
|
muscle tone
|
|
Where is the alternate muscle fiber contractions regulated?
|
Cerebellum
|
|
Heat generated by normal muscle tone makes up what percent of total body heat at rest?
|
25%
|
|
What is Isotonic exercise
|
muscle contraction with movement, usually against a resistance.
ex. lifting weights |
|
What is Isometric exercise?
|
Contraction without movement
|
|
What is the brain's ability to know where our muscles are and what they are doing w/out having to consciously look at them?
|
Muscle sense (proprioception)
|
|
What are the functions of
1. Stretch receptors 2. sensory receptors |
1. detect changes in length of muscle as it is stretched
2. detect changes |
|
Where is the impulse for muscle sense integrated?
|
parietal lobes of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense) and in the cerebellum (uncouncious muscle sense)
|
|
What is the primary direct source of energy for muscles?
What is the secondary source? |
ATP
Creatine phosphate and glycogen |
|
What is the most abundant energy source in muscle fibers?
|
Glycogen
|
|
what are the two sources of oxygen to muscle fibers?
|
1. hemoglobin of blood transports oxygen
2. protein myoglobin stores oxygen within muscle cells (both contain iron) |
|
What happens when muscles run out of oxygen (oxygen debt)?
|
1.glucose cannot be completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water.
2. Glucose is converted to lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue |
|
Each muscle fiber has its own nerve ending called the _____
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
______is the enlarged tip of the motor neron and what does it contain?
|
axon terminal; sacs of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
|
|
what is membrane of muscle fiber called?
|
sarcolemma
|
|
what are the individual contracting units within muscle fibers called?
|
sarcomeres
|
|
Sarcomeres are arranged end to end in cylinders called ____
|
myofibrils
|
|
What are the end boundries of a sarcomere called?
|
Z lines
|
|
Filaments of myosin and actin are found where within the sarcomere?
|
Myosin is found in the center
actin at the ends attached to Z lines |
|
Myosin and actin are proteins that do what?
|
produce muscle contraction
|
|
What are troponin and tropomyosin part of and what do they do?
|
actin filaments; prevent sliding of actin and myosin when muscle fiber is relaxed
|
|
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
|
reservior for calcium ions
|
|
During polarization what charge does inside and outside of cell have?
|
Outside is positive
inside is negative |
|
Sodium ions on the outside tend to diffue into cell. what pumps them out?
|
sodium pump
|
|
Potassium ions tend to diffuse outside...what pumps the back in?
|
Potassium pump
|
|
what is a tetanus?
|
sustained muscle contraction that is necessary for normal movement
|
|
The neuromuscular junction refers to what 3 parts?
|
axon terminal, synapse, and sarcolemma
|
|
The energy of ATP is released within muscle fibers by?
|
myosin
|
|
What is a single muscle cell covered by?
|
connective tissue sheath
|
|
A group of muscle cells bound together with a band or sheath they are called what?
|
vassicle
|
|
A group of vassicles are bound by what?
|
Muscle fascia (this unit is the name of the muscle, biceps etc.)
|
|
What are the 9 steps of muscle contraction?
# 1. |
Action potential travels down the axon of the nerve and ends at the neuromuscular junction
|
|
# 2
|
Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction
|
|
#3
|
Sodium ions rush in Acetlycholine binds to receptors which open sodium channels.momentarily changing the polarity of the muscle cell membrane to positive on the inside and negative on the outside
|
|
#4
|
Sodium ions rush in momentarily changing the polarity of the muscle cell membrane to positive on the inside and negative on the outside.
|
|
#5.
|
the action potential travels in a wave along the cell membrane and down the T-tubules
|
|
#6
|
action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium next to the actin and myosin filaments
|
|
#7.
|
calcium then binds to triponin tropomyosin causing it to change it's shape and open up the myosin crossbridge binding site
|
|
#8.
|
the myosin crossbridge immediatly binds and ratchets causing the actin and myosin filaments to slide past one another
|
|
#9.
|
ATP is used to release the actin and myosin and to recock the myosin crossbridge to it's resting state.
|